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Environmental impacts and sustainability of egg production systems

机译：鸡蛋生产系统的环境影响和可持续性

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As part of a systemic assessment toward social sustainability of egg production, we have reviewed current knowledge about the environmental impacts of egg production systems and identified topics requiring further research. Currently, we know that 1) high-rise cage houses generally have poorer air quality and emit more ammonia than manure belt (MB) cage houses; 2) manure removal frequency in MB houses greatly affects ammonia emissions; 3) emissions from manure storage are largely affected by storage conditions, including ventilation rate, manure moisture content, air temperature, and stacking profile; 4) more baseline data on air emissions from high-rise and MB houses are being collected in the United States to complement earlier measurements; 5) noncage houses generally have poorer air quality (ammonia and dust levels) than cage houses; 6) noncage houses tend to be colder during cold weather due to a lower stocking density than caged houses, leading to greater feed and fuel energy use; 7) hens in noncage houses are less efficient in resource (feed, energy, and land) utilization, leading to a greater carbon footprint; 8) excessive application of hen manure to cropland can lead to nutrient runoff to water bodies; 9) hen manure on open (free) range may be subject to runoff during rainfall, although quantitative data are lacking; 10) mitigation technologies exist to reduce generation and emission of noxious gases and dust; however, work is needed to evaluate their economic feasibility and optimize design; and 11) dietary modification shows promise for mitigating emissions. Further research is needed on 1) indoor air quality, barn emissions, thermal conditions, and energy use in alternative hen housing systems (1-story floor, aviary, and enriched cage systems), along with conventional housing systems under different production conditions; 2) environmental footprint for different US egg production systems through life cycle assessment; 3) practical means to mitigate air emissions from different production systems; 4) process-based models for predicting air emissions and their fate; and 5) the interactions between air quality, housing system, worker health, and animal health and welfare.
机译：作为对鸡蛋生产的社会可持续性进行系统评估的一部分，我们回顾了有关鸡蛋生产系统对环境影响的当前知识，并确定了需要进一步研究的主题。目前，我们知道：1）高层笼舍的空气质量通常比粪肥带笼舍的空气质量差，并排放更多的氨; 2）MB房屋的粪便清除频率极大地影响氨气的排放; 3）粪便储存的排放在很大程度上受到储存条件的影响，包括通风速率，粪便含水量，气温和堆放状况; 4）美国正在收集更多有关高层住宅和MB房屋空气排放的基准数据，以补充先前的测量; 5）非笼屋的空气质量（氨气和粉尘水平）通常比笼屋差; 6）由于笼养密度较低，无笼房屋在寒冷的天气中往往较冷，导致更多的饲料和燃料能源使用; 7）非笼舍中的母鸡资源（饲料，能源和土地）利用效率较低，导致碳足迹增加; 8）在农田中过量施用母鸡粪便会导致水体的养分流失; 9）尽管缺乏定量数据，但开放（自由）范围内的母鸡粪便在降雨过程中可能会径流; 10）存在缓解技术以减少有害气体和粉尘的产生和排放;但是，需要进行工作以评估其经济可行性并优化设计。 11）饮食改良显示出减少排放的希望。需要进一步研究以下方面：1）室内空气质量，谷仓排放，热条件和替代鸡舍系统（1层鸡舍，禽舍和增肥笼系统）的能源使用，以及不同生产条件下的常规鸡舍系统; 2）通过生命周期评估得出不同美国鸡蛋生产系统的环境足迹; 3）减轻来自不同生产系统的空气排放的实用手段; 4）基于过程的模型，用于预测空气排放及其命运; 5）空气质量，住房系统，工人健康以及动物健康和福利之间的相互作用。

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