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首页> 外文期刊>Poultry Science >Economic and market issues on the sustainability of egg production in the united states: analysis of alternative production systems.
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Economic and market issues on the sustainability of egg production in the united states: analysis of alternative production systems.

机译：美国鸡蛋生产可持续性的经济和市场问题：替代生产系统分析。

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Conventional cage housing for laying hens evolved as a cost-effective egg production system. Complying with mandated hen housing alternatives would raise marginal production costs and require sizable capital investment. California data indicate that shifts from conventional cages to barn housing would likely cause farm-level cost increases of about 40% per dozen. The US data on production costs of such alternatives as furnished cages are not readily available and European data are not applicable to the US industry structure. Economic analysis relies on key facts about production and marketing of conventional and noncage eggs. Even if mandated by government or buyers, shifts to alternative housing would likely occur with lead times of at least 5 yr. Therefore, egg producers and input suppliers would have considerable time to plan new systems and build new facilities. Relatively few US consumers now pay the high retail premiums required for nonconventional eggs from hens housed in alternative systems. However, data from consumer experiments indicate that additional consumers would also be willing to pay some premium. Nonetheless, current data do not allow easy extrapolation to understand the willingness to pay for such eggs by the vast majority of conventional egg consumers. Egg consumption in the United States tends to be relatively unresponsive to price changes, such that sustained farm price increases of 40% would likely reduce consumption by less than 10%. This combination of facts and relationships suggests that, unless low-cost imports grew rapidly, requirements for higher cost hen housing systems would raise US egg prices considerably while reducing egg consumption marginally. Eggs are a low-cost source of animal protein and low-income consumers would be hardest hit. However, because egg expenditures are a very small share of the consumer budget, real income loss for consumers would be small in percentage terms. Finally, the high egg prices imposed by alternative hen housing systems raise complex issues about linking public policy costs to policy beneficiaries.
机译：传统的蛋鸡笼舍已经发展成为一种具有成本效益的蛋生产系统。遵守强制性的母鸡替代住房将增加边际生产成本，并需要大量的资本投资。加利福尼亚州的数据表明，从传统的网箱改为谷仓，很可能导致农场成本每打增加40％。美国尚无有关带家具的笼子等替代品生产成本的数据，而欧洲数据不适用于美国的行业结构。经济分析依赖于常规和非笼养鸡蛋生产和销售的关键事实。即使由政府或购买者授权，也可能会在至少5年的交付时间内转移到替代住房。因此，鸡蛋生产商和投入品供应商将有大量时间计划新系统和建造新设施。现在，相对而言，很少有美国消费者为替代系统中的母鸡支付非常规鸡蛋所需的高零售溢价。但是，来自消费者实验的数据表明，其他消费者也将愿意支付一定的溢价。然而，目前的数据不能轻易地推断出绝大多数常规蛋消费者愿意为这种蛋付费。在美国，鸡蛋的消费量往往对价格变化没有反应，因此，持续的农场价格上涨40％可能会使食用量减少不到10％。事实和关系的综合表明，除非低成本进口迅速增长，否则对更高成本的母鸡住房系统的要求将使美国的鸡蛋价格大幅度提高，而鸡蛋的消费量却小幅下降。鸡蛋是动物蛋白的低成本来源，低收入消费者将受到最大的打击。但是，由于鸡蛋支出在消费者预算中所占的比例很小，因此消费者的实际收入损失以百分比计将很小。最后，替代性母鸡住房制度带来的高鸡蛋价格引发了将公共政策成本与政策受益人联系起来的复杂问题。

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