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A.M. Carr-Saunders on Eugenics and the Declining Birth Rate

机译：上午。卡尔·桑德斯论优生学和出生率下降

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The emergence of the eugenic movement in the late nineteenth century reflected a concern with the perceived negative consequences of differential fertility for the quality of human populations. As theory, eugenics was based on little science and a good measure of racial and class prejudice. As an ameliorative program, even in its own terms, it was patently marginal, aiming as it did at discouraging reproduction among the unfit, as defined by medical criteria, By the 1930s, even to adherents of the faith, such "negative eugenics" seemed increasingly irrelevant as a response to the dominant Western demographic trend: a drastic fall of fertility, foreshadowing an absolute decline in population numbers. In the 1935 Gallon Lecture to the Eugenics Society, Alexander Carr-Saunders (1886-1966), probably the best-known British demographer of the interwar years, and also a prominent member of the Society, presented a vigorous critique of negative eugenics. The declining birth rate, he argued, no longer permits neglect of quantitative aspects of population, but calls for a positive eugenics: efforts "to raise the fertility of those who are not definitely subnormal until at least they replace themselves." The specifics of the program he set forth, however, represent not a shift in emphasis but a clear break with eugenic concerns. He advocates a "scientific population policy," the central thrust of which would be removing obstacles to and creating facilities for the fulfillment of the social duty of reproduction within a system of voluntary parenthood--measures widely espoused today in low-fertility societies. With the omission of the closing sections, the lecture is reproduced below from Eugenics Review, 1935, vol. 27, no. 1.
机译：十九世纪末期优生运动的出现反映了人们对不同的生育率对人口素质的负面影响的关注。从理论上讲，优生学是基于很少的科学知识和对种族和阶级偏见的良好衡量。作为一项改良计划，即使就其本身而言，它在专利上也是微不足道的，其目的是为了阻止在医学标准所定义的不适应者中繁殖，到1930年代，甚至对信仰者来说，这种“负优生”似乎对西方主要人口趋势的反应越来越无关紧要：生育率急剧下降，预示着人口绝对减少。在1935年的优生学学会加仑讲座中，亚历山大·卡尔·桑德斯（Alexander Carr-Saunders，1886-1966年）可能是两次大战之间最著名的英国人口统计学家，同时也是该学会的重要成员，对否定优生学进行了激烈的批评。他认为，出生率的下降不再允许忽略人口数量方面的问题，而是呼吁人们采取积极的优生措施：“努力提高那些在至少他们不能替代自己的情况下才绝对不正常的人的生育能力”。但是，他提出的计划的细节并不代表重点的转变，而是与优生论点的明显突破。他主张采取“科学的人口政策”，其主要目标是消除自愿生育制度中的障碍，并为实现生育的社会责任创造条件，这是当今低生育率社会普遍采用的措施。由于省略了本节的内容，以下演讲摘录自Eugenics Review，1935年，第一卷。 27号1。

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