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Modern Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon-Halogen Bond Formation

机译：现代过渡金属催化的碳-卤素键形成

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The high utility of halogenated organic compounds has prompted the development of a vast number of transformations which install the carbon halogen motif. Traditional routes to these building blocks have commonly involved multiple steps, harsh reaction conditions, and the use of stoichiometric and/or toxic reagents. In this regard, using transition metals to catalyze the synthesis of organohalides has become a mature field in itself, and applying these technologies has allowed for a decrease in the production of waste, higher levels of regio- and stereoselectivity, and the ability to produce enantioenriched target compounds. Furthermore, transition metals offer the distinct advantage of possessing a diverse spectrum of mechanistic possibilities which translate to the capability to apply new substrate classes and afford novel and difficult-to-access structures. This Review provides comprehensive coverage of modern transition metal-catalyzed syntheses of organohalides via a diverse array of mechanisms. Attention is given to the seminal stoichiometric organometallic studies which led to the corresponding catalytic processes being realized. By breaking this field down into the synthesis of aryl, vinyl, and alkyl halides, it becomes clear which methods have surfaced as most favored for each individual class. In general, a pronounced shift toward the use of C-H bonds as key functional groups, in addition to methods which proceed by catalytic, radical-based mechanisms has occurred. Although always evolving, this field appears to be heading in the direction of using starting materials with a significantly lower degree of prefunctionalization in addition to less expensive and abundant metal catalysts.
机译：卤代有机化合物的高实用性促使人们开发了许多安装有碳卤素基序的转化方法。通往这些构件的传统途径通常涉及多个步骤，苛刻的反应条件以及化学计量和/或有毒试剂的使用。在这方面，使用过渡金属催化有机卤化物的合成本身已成为成熟的领域，应用这些技术可减少废物的产生，提高区域和立体选择性的水平以及产生对映体富集的能力。目标化合物。此外，过渡金属具有以下独特的优势：拥有多种多样的机械可能性，从而转化为应用新的基材类别并提供新颖且难以接近的结构的能力。本综述通过多种机制全面涵盖了现代过渡金属催化的有机卤化物的合成。注意开创性的化学计量有机金属研究，导致实现了相应的催化过程。通过将这一领域分解为芳基，乙烯基和烷基卤化物的合成，可以清楚地看到每种方法最适合每种类别的方法。通常，除了通过催化的，基于自由基的机理进行的方法之外，已经发生了向使用C-H键作为关键官能团的明显转变。尽管一直在发展，但该领域似乎正在朝着使用除廉价和丰富的金属催化剂之外具有较低预官能化程度的起始材料的方向发展。

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