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Evidence for the Sparing of Reactive Cognitive Control With Age

机译：认知认知控制随着年龄的增长而减少的证据

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摘要

The dual mechanisms of control account posited two qualitatively different cognitive control mechanisms (Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007). Proactive control is a sustained and capacity-demanding mechanism that is used to prevent interference, whereas reactive control acts transiently, poststimulus onset, to resolve interference. Prior research has demonstrated age-related deficits in proactive control, including in conflict tasks. However, few studies have examined the putative sparing of reactive control with age, and the purpose of this study was to fill that gap. In Experiment 1, older adults, like young adults, showed less interference for mostly incongruent items than mostly congruent items in a picture-word Stroop task, and this pattern extended to novel, 50% congruent transfer items. In Experiment 2, flanker stimuli in one screen location (or color) were mostly congruent whereas flanker stimuli in a second location (or color) were mostly incongruent. Young and older adults demonstrated context-specific proportion congruence effects, showing less interference in the mostly incongruent as compared to mostly congruent context for the location cue but not the color cue. These findings provide converging evidence for the intact and flexible use of reactive control with age, and challenge the view that aging is associated with a general deficit in cognitive control.
机译：控制账户的双重机制提出了两个质量上不同的认知控制机制（Braver，Gray和Burgess，2007）。主动控制是一种持续的，对容量有要求的机制，用于防止干扰，而被动控制则是瞬态的，即刺激后发作，用以解决干扰。先前的研究表明，主动控制中包括与年龄有关的缺陷，包括在冲突任务中。但是，很少有研究检查认为随年龄增长而做出反应控制的可能性，而本研究的目的是填补这一空白。在实验1中，老年人与年轻人一样，对图画单词Stroop任务中的大部分不相称项目显示的干扰要少于大部分同等项，并且这种模式扩展到了新颖的50％一致的转移项。在实验2中，一个屏幕位置（或颜色）的侧翼刺激大部分是一致的，而第二屏幕位置（或颜色）的侧翼刺激大部分是不一致的。年轻人和老年人表现出特定于上下文的比例一致性效果，与位置提示而非颜色提示的大部分一致上下文相比，在大部分不一致的上下文中显示较少的干扰。这些发现为随着年龄的增长而完整和灵活地使用反应性控制提供了越来越多的证据，并挑战了认为衰老与认知控制的普遍缺陷有关的观点。

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