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Age-Related Differences in Inhibitory Control Predict Audiovisual Speech Perception

机译：与年龄有关的抑制控制差异预测视听语音感知

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摘要

Audiovisual (AV) speech perception is the process by which auditory and visual sensory signals are integrated and used to understand what a talker is saying during face-to-face communication. This form of communication is markedly superior to speech perception in either sensory modality alone. However, there are additional lexical factors that are affected by age-related cognitive changes that may contribute to differences in AV perception. In the current study, we extended an existing model of spoken word identification to the AV domain, and examined the cognitive factors that contribute to age-related and individual differences in AV perception of words varying in lexical difficulty (i.e., on the basis of competing items). Young (n = 49) and older adults (n = 50) completed a series of cognitive inhibition tasks and a spoken word identification task. The words were presented in auditory-only, visual-only, and AV conditions, and were equally divided into lexically hard (words with many competitors) and lexically easy (words with few competitors). Overall, young adults demonstrated better inhibitory abilities and higher identification performance than older adults. However, whereas no relationship was observed between inhibitory abilities and AV word identification performance in young adults, there was a significant relationship between Stroop interference and AV identification of lexically hard words in older adults. These results are interpreted within the framework of existing models of spoken-word recognition with implications for how cognitive deficits in older adults contribute to speech perception.
机译：视听（AV）语音感知是一个过程，通过该过程可以将听觉和视觉感觉信号进行整合，并用来理解谈话者在面对面交流中所说的话。在任何一种感觉方式上，这种交流形式都明显优于语音感知。但是，还有其他词法因素会受到与年龄相关的认知变化的影响，这些因素可能会导致AV感知的差异。在当前的研究中，我们将现有的口语单词识别模型扩展到了AV域，并研究了导致年龄相关和个体差异的认知因素，这些差异在于词汇难度各异的单词的AV感知（即，基于竞争项）。年轻（n = 49）和老年人（n = 50）完成了一系列认知抑制任务和口头单词识别任务。这些单词是在仅听觉，仅视觉和AV条件下呈现的，并且均分为词汇难（有很多竞争者的单词）和词汇易（有竞争者很少的单词）。总体而言，年轻人显示出比老年人更好的抑制能力和更高的识别性能。然而，虽然在年轻人中没有发现抑制能力与AV单词识别性能之间的关系，但在老年人中Stroop干扰与对词汇难单词的AV识别之间却存在显着的关系。这些结果在现有语音识别模型的框架内进行解释，并暗示了老年人的认知缺陷如何导致语音感知。

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