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Age, Stress, and Emotional Complexity: Results From Two Studies of Daily Experiences

机译：年龄，压力和情绪复杂性：两项日常经验研究的结果

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Experiencing positive and negative emotions together (i.e., co-occurrence) has been described as a marker of positive adaptation during stress and a strength of socioemotional aging. Using data from daily diary (Ν = 2,022; ages 33-84) and ecological momentary assessment (N = 190; ages 20-80) studies, we evaluate the utility of a common operationalization of co-occurrence, the within-person correlation between positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Then we test competing predictions regarding when co-occurrence will be observed and whether age differences will be present. Results indicate that the correlation is not an informative indicator of co-occurrence. Although correlations were stronger and more negative when stressors occurred (typically interpreted as lower co-occurrence), objective counts of emotion reports indicated that positive and negative emotions were 3 to 4 times more likely to co-occur when stressors were reported. This suggests that co-occurrence reflects the extent to which negative emotions intrude on typically positive emotional states, rather than the extent to which people maintain positive emotions during stress. The variances of both PA and NA increased at stressor reports, indicating that individuals reported a broader not narrower range of emotion during stress. Finally, older age was associated with less variability in NA and a lower likelihood of co-occurring positive and negative emotions. In sum, these findings cast doubt on the utility of the PA-NA correlation as an index of emotional co-occurrence, and question notion that greater emotional co-occurrence represents either a typical or adaptive emotional state in adults.
机译：一起经历积极和消极的情绪（即同时出现）已被描述为在压力下积极适应和社会情绪衰老强度的标志。使用每日日记（N = 2022; 33-84岁）和生态瞬时评估（N = 190; 20-80岁）研究的数据，我们评估了共现共同操作的效用，即人与人之间的相关性正面影响（PA）和负面影响（NA）。然后，我们测试关于何时会同时出现以及是否会出现年龄差异的竞争性预测。结果表明，该相关性不是共现的信息指示。尽管在出现压力源时相关性更强且更负（通常被解释为较低的同时发生），但情感报告的客观计数表明，在报告压力源时，正面和负面情绪共发的可能性是后者的3至4倍。这表明共现反映的是负面情绪对典型的积极情绪状态的影响程度，而不是人们在压力下保持积极情绪的程度。在压力源报告中，PA和NA的方差均增加，表明个体在压力期间报告的情绪范围更广，范围更窄。最后，年龄越大，NA的变异性越小，同时出现正面和负面情绪的可能性越低。总而言之，这些发现使人们对PA-NA相关性作为情感共存指标的效用产生了怀疑，并质疑更高的情感共存代表成人的典型或适应性情感状态。

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