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首页> 外文期刊>Urban Forestry & Urban Greening >URban Biotopes of Aotearoa New Zealand (URBANZ) II: Floristics, biodiversity and conservation values of urban residential and public woodlands, Christchurch
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URban Biotopes of Aotearoa New Zealand (URBANZ) II: Floristics, biodiversity and conservation values of urban residential and public woodlands, Christchurch

机译：新西兰Aotearoa的城市生物群落（URBANZ）II：基督城城市住宅和公共林地的植物区系，生物多样性和保护价值

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Urban forests are increasingly valued for multiple benefits such as amenity, cultural values, native biodiversity, ecosystem services, and carbon sequestration. Urban biodiversity in particular, is the new focus although global homogenisation is undermining regional differentiation. In the northern hemisphere (e.g., Canada and USA) and in the southern hemisphere, particularly in countries like South Africa, Australia, South America and New Zealand, local biodiversity is further impacted by historical colonisation from Europe. After several centuries, urban forests are now composed of synthetic and spontaneous mixtures of native species, and exotic species from around the temperate world (e.g., Europe, North and South America, South Africa, Asia). As far as we are aware no-one has carried out in-depth study of these synthetic forests in any Southern Hemisphere city. Here we describe the composition, structure, and biodiversity conservation imperatives of urban temperate forests at 90 random locations in Christchurch city, New Zealand.We document considerable plant diversity; the total number of species encountered in the 253 sampled urban forest patches was 486. Despite this incredibly variable data set, our ability to explain variation in species richness was surprisingly good and clearly indicates that total species richness was higher in larger patches with greater litter and vegetation cover, and taller canopy height. Species richness was also higher in patches surrounded by higher population densities and closer to very large native forest patches. Native species richness was higher in patches with higher soil pH, lower canopy height, and greater litter cover and in patches closer to very large native forest patches indicating dispersal out of native areas and into gardens. Eight distinct forest communities were identified by Two-Way INdicator SPecies ANalysis (TWINSPAN) using the occurrence of 241 species that occurred in more than two out of all 253 forest patches.Christchurch urban forest canopies were dominated by exotic tree species in parklands and in street tree plantings (linear parkland). Native tree and shrub species were not as common in public spaces but their overall density high in residential gardens. There was some explanatory power in our data, since less deprivation resulted in greater diversity and density, and more native species, which in turn is associated with private ownership. We hypothesise that a number of other factors, which were not well reflected in our measured environmental variables, are responsible for much of the remaining variation in the plant community structure, e.g., advertising, peoples choice. For a more sustainable asset base of native trees in New Zealand cities we need more, longer-lived native species, in large public spaces, including a greater proportion of species that bear fruit and nectar suitable for native wildlife. We may then achieve cities with ecological integrity that present multiple historical dimensions, and sequester carbon in legible landscapes.
机译：城市森林越来越受到多种好处的重视，例如舒适性，文化价值，原生生物多样性，生态系统服务和碳固存。尽管全球同质化正在破坏区域差异，但特别是城市生物多样性是新的焦点。在北半球（例如加拿大和美国）和南半球，特别是在南非，澳大利亚，南美和新西兰等国家，当地生物多样性受到欧洲历史殖民的影响。几个世纪后，城市森林由本地物种和温带地区（例如欧洲，北美和南美，南非，亚洲）的外来物种的合成和自发混合物组成。据我们所知，没有人对南半球任何城市的这些人工林进行深入研究。在这里，我们描述了新西兰基督城90个随机地点的城市温带森林的组成，结构和生物多样性保护的必要性。在253个采样的城市森林斑块中遇到的物种总数为486。尽管存在令人难以置信的可变数据集，但我们解释物种丰富度变化的能力令人惊讶地良好，并清楚地表明，更大的斑块，较大的凋落物和更大的物种丰富度更高。植被覆盖，树冠高度更高。在人口密度较高且接近非常大的原始森林斑块的斑块中，物种丰富度也更高。在具有较高土壤pH，较低冠层高度和较大凋落物覆盖的斑块中，以及在距离非常大的原始森林斑块较近的斑块中，本地物种的丰富度较高，这表明它们可以从本地扩散到花园中。通过双向指标物种分析（TWINSPAN）确定了8个不同的森林群落，其中253种林地中有两种以上发生了241种树种。克赖斯特彻奇的城市林冠层以公园和街道上的外来树种为主树木种植（线性绿地）。本地树种和灌木树种在公共场所并不常见，但在居民花园中总体密度很高。我们的数据具有一定的解释力，因为较少的匮乏导致更大的多样性和密度，以及更多的本土物种，而这又与私有制有关。我们假设，许多其他因素未完全反映在我们测得的环境变量中，这是植物群落结构中其余大部分变化的原因，例如广告，人们的选择。为了使新西兰城市的本地树木的资产基础更具可持续性，我们需要在大型公共空间中拥有更多，寿命更长的本地树种，包括更多比例的具有适合本地野生动植物的果实和花蜜的树种。然后，我们可能会实现具有生态完整性的城市，这些城市具有多个历史维度，并在清晰的景观中封存碳。

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