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首页> 外文期刊>The American Naturalist: Devoted to the Conceptual Unification of the Biological Sciences >Evolution in Fossil Lineages: Paleontology and The Origin of Species
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Evolution in Fossil Lineages: Paleontology and The Origin of Species

机译：化石世系的演变：古生物学与物种起源

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Of all of the sources of evidence for evolution by natural selection, perhaps the most problematic for Darwin was the geological record of organic change. In response to the absence of species-level transformations in the fossil record, Darwin argued that the fossil record was too incomplete, too biased, and too poorly known to provide strong evidence against his theory. Here, this view of the fossil record is evaluated in light of 150 years of subsequent paleontological research. Although Darwin's assessment of the completeness and resolution of fossiliferous rocks was in several ways astute, today the fossil record is much better explored, documented, and understood than it was in 1859. In particular, a reasonably large set of studies tracing evolutionary trajectories within species can now be brought to bear on Darwin's expectation of gradual change driven by natural selection. An unusually high-resolution sequence of stickleback-bearing strata records the transformation of this lineage via natural selection. This adaptive trajectory is qualitatively consistent with Darwin's prediction, but it occurred much more rapidly than he would have guessed: almost all of the directional change was completed within 1,000 generations. In most geological sequences, this change would be too rapid to resolve. The accumulated fossil record at more typical paleontological scales (10(4)-10(6) years) reveals evolutionary changes that are rarely directional and net rates of change that are perhaps surprisingly slow, two findings that are in agreement with the punctuated-equilibrium model. Finally, Darwin's view of the broader history of life is reviewed briefly, with a focus on competition-mediated extinction and recent paleontological and phylogenetic attempts to assess diversity dependence in evolutionary dynamics.
机译：在自然选择进化的所有证据中，达尔文面临的最大问题可能是有机变化的地质记录。针对化石记录中没有物种级别的转换，达尔文认为化石记录太不完整，太有偏见并且太不为人所知，无法为他的理论提供强有力的证据。在这里，对化石记录的这种看法是根据150年后的古生物学研究评估的。尽管达尔文对化石岩石的完整性和分辨率的评估在许多方面都很敏锐，但与1859年相比，如今对化石记录的探索，记录和理解要好得多。特别是，有相当多的研究追踪物种内的演化轨迹现在可以满足达尔文对自然选择驱动的逐渐变化的期望。棘背层地层的异常高分辨率序列通过自然选择记录了该世系的转变。这种自适应轨迹在质量上与达尔文的预测一致，但是它的发生速度比他想像的要快得多：几乎所有方向变化都在1000代内完成。在大多数地质序列中，这种变化太快而无法解决。在更典型的古生物学尺度（10（4）-10（6）年）上积累的化石记录显示出演化变化很少是方向性的，而净变化率却可能出乎意料地缓慢，这两个发现与标点平衡相符。模型。最后，简要回顾了达尔文关于更广泛的生命史的观点，重点是竞争介导的灭绝以及最近的古生物学和系统发育尝试，以评估进化动力学中的多样性依赖性。

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