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首页> 外文期刊>Protoplasma: An International Journal of Cell Biology >Ancient gene duplications and the root(s) of the tree of life
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Ancient gene duplications and the root(s) of the tree of life

机译：古代基因重复与生命之树的根

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Tracing organismal histories on the timescale of the tree of life remains one of the challenging tasks in evolutionary biology. The hotly debated questions include the evolutionary relationship between the three domains of life ( e. g., which of the three domains are sister domains, are the domains para-, poly-, or monophyletic) and the location of the root within the universal tree of life. For the latter, many different points of view have been considered but so far no consensus has been reached. The only widely accepted rationale to root the universal tree of life is to use anciently duplicated paralogous genes that are present in all three domains of life. To date only few anciently duplicated gene families useful for phylogenetic reconstruction have been identified. Here we present results from a systematic search for ancient gene duplications using twelve representative, completely sequenced, archaeal and bacterial genomes. Phylogenetic analyses of identified cases show that the majority of datasets support a root between Archaea and Bacteria; however, some datasets support alternative hypotheses, and all of them suffer from a lack of strong phylogenetic signal. The results are discussed with respect to the impact of horizontal gene transfer on the ability to reconstruct organismal evolution. The exchange of genetic information between divergent organisms gives rise to mosaic genomes, where different genes in a genome have different histories. Simulations show that even low rates of horizontal gene transfer dramatically complicate the reconstruction of organismal evolution, and that the different most recent common molecular ancestors likely existed at different times and in different lineages.
机译：在生命树的时间尺度上追踪生物历史仍然是进化生物学中具有挑战性的任务之一。争论激烈的问题包括生命的三个域之间的进化关系（例如，三个域中的哪个是姐妹域，是准，多或单义域）和根在通用生命树中的位置。对于后者，已经考虑了许多不同的观点，但到目前为止尚未达成共识。扎根万能生命树的唯一被广泛接受的理由是，使用存在于生命的所有三个领域中的古老复制的旁系同源基因。迄今为止，仅鉴定出少数可用于系统发育重建的远古复制基因家族。在这里，我们介绍了使用十二个代表性的，完全测序的古细菌和细菌基因组对古代基因重复进行系统搜索的结果。对确定病例的系统进化分析表明，大多数数据集都支持古细菌和细菌之间的根源。但是，一些数据集支持替代假设，并且所有这些数据集都缺乏强大的系统发生信号。讨论了有关水平基因转移对重建生物进化能力的影响的结果。不同生物之间的遗传信息交换产生了镶嵌基因组，其中基因组中的不同基因具有不同的历史。模拟表明，即使水平基因转移的速率较低，也使生物进化的重建复杂化，并且不同的最新共同分子祖先可能存在于不同的时间和谱系中。

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