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The evolution of the land plant life cycle

机译：陆地植物生命周期的演变

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The extant land plants are unique among the monophyletic clade of photosynthetic eukaryotes, which consists of the green algae (chlorophytes), the charophycean algae (charophytes), numerous groups of unicellular algae (prasinophytes) and the embryophytes, by possessing, firstly, a sexual life cycle characterized by an alternation between a haploid, gametophytic and a diploid, sporophytic multicellular generation; secondly, the formation of egg cells within multicellular structures called archegonia; and, thirdly, the retention of the zygote and diploid sporophyte embryo within the archegonium. We review the developmental, paleobotanical and molecular evidence indicating that: the embryophytes descended from a charophyte-like ancestor; this common ancestor had a life cycle with only a haploid multicellular generation; and the most ancient (c. 410 Myr old) land plants (e.g. Cooksonia, Rhynia and Zosterophyllum) had a dimorphic life cycle (i.e. their haploid and diploid generations were morphologically different). On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the multicellular reproductive structures of extant charophytes and embryophytes are developmentally homologous, and that those of the embryophytes evolved by virtue of the co-option and re-deployment of ancient algal homeodomain gene networks.
机译：现有的陆地植物在光合真核生物的单系进化枝中是独特的，它由绿色藻类（绿藻类），番茄属藻类（charophytes），众多单细胞藻类（prasinophytes）和胚状植物组成，它们首先具有性以单倍体配子体和二倍体孢子体多细胞世代交替为特征的生命周期;其次，卵细胞在称为原始菌的多细胞结构中形成。第三，合子和二倍体孢子体胚胎在弓形虫中的保留。我们回顾了发育，古植物学和分子证据，这些证据表明：胚芽植物是从类风化细菌的祖先中产生的。这个共同祖先的生命周期只有单倍体多细胞世代。最古老的（约有410 Myr的）陆地植物（例如Cooksonia，Rhynia和Zosterophyllum）具有双态生命周期（即单倍体和二倍体世代在形态上是不同的）。根据这些发现，我们认为现存的藻类和胚状植物的多细胞生殖结构在发育上是同源的，并且这些胚状植物是通过古代藻类同源域基因网络的共同选择和重新部署而进化的。

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