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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Experimental Biology >Timing is everything: coordination of strike kinematics affects the force exerted by suction feeding fish on attached prey
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Timing is everything: coordination of strike kinematics affects the force exerted by suction feeding fish on attached prey

机译：时间就是一切：打击运动学的协调会影响吸食鱼类附着在猎物上的力

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摘要

During aquatic suction feeding, the predator opens its mouth and rapidly expands its buccal cavity, generating a flow field external to the mouth. The rapid expansion of the buccal cavity produces high fluid velocities and accelerations that extend only a short distance from the mouth ( about half of one mouth diameter), and only persist for several milliseconds. Therefore, the predator must precisely time its strike to locate the prey within the narrow region of high flow, during the brief period when flow is at its peak. With flow being the agent for transferring force to the prey, the predator may enhance these forces by producing higher water velocities and faster acceleration at the mouth, but also through increasing the strike's accuracy, i.e. locating the prey closer to the mouth at the instant of peak flow speed. The objectives of this study were to directly measure forces exerted by bluegill Lepomis macrochirus on their prey and to determine how bluegill modify force output. Bluegill were offered ghost shrimp tethered to a load cell that recorded force at 5000 Hz, and feeding sequences were synchronously recorded using 500 Hz video. Peak forces exerted on attached 20 mm shrimp ranged from 0.005 N to 0.506 N. In accordance with the short duration of the strikes ( average time to peak gape of similar to 13 ms), the forces recorded were brief (similar to 12 ms from initiation to peak force), and force magnitude declined rapidly after peak force. Statistical analysis indicated that rate of buccal expansion, and prey size, but not strike initiation distance, significantly affected peak force. These observed variables were used with results from flow visualization studies to estimate the flow at the prey's location, which allowed the calculation of drag, pressure gradient force and acceleration reaction force. The relationship between these calculated forces and the measured forces was strong, indicating that the model can be used to estimate forces from strike kinematics. This model was then used to study the effects of strike initiation distance on peak force and on the rate of increasing force. Comparisons of model output to empirical results indicated that bluegill time their strike so as to exert an average of similar to 70% of the peak possible force on the prey, and that the observed strike initiation distance corresponded to the distance that maximized modeled force on an attached prey. Our results highlight the ability of bluegill to produce high forces on their prey, and indicate that precision and visual acuity play important roles in prey acquisition, beyond their recognized role in prey detection.
机译：在水生吸食过程中，捕食者张开嘴并迅速扩张其颊腔，从而在嘴外产生流场。颊腔的快速扩张产生了很高的流体速度和加速度，这些加速度和加速度仅距口腔一小段距离（大约是一个口腔直径的一半），并且仅持续几毫秒。因此，在流量达到峰值的短暂时期内，捕食者必须精确地计时其打击时间，以将猎物定位在高流量的狭窄区域内。由于流动是将力传递到猎物的媒介，捕食者可以通过产生更高的水速和在嘴处更快的加速度来增强这些力，还可以通过提高打击的准确性，即在捕食的瞬间将猎物定位在更靠近嘴的位置。峰值流速。这项研究的目的是直接测量蓝blue Lepomis macrochirus对猎物的作用力，并确定蓝blue如何改变力输出。向蓝g提供了拴在称重传感器上的幽灵虾，该称重传感器记录了5000 Hz的力，并使用500 Hz的视频同步记录了喂食顺序。施加在附着的20毫米虾上的峰值力为0.005 N至0.506N。根据短击时间（达到峰值间隙的平均时间约为13 ms），记录的力很短（类似于启动后的12 ms）到峰值力），峰值力后力的大小迅速下降。统计分析表明，颊部扩张的速度和猎物的大小（而不是撞击起始距离）显着影响峰值力。这些观察到的变量与流量可视化研究的结果一起用于估计猎物所在位置的流量，从而可以计算阻力，压力梯度力和加速反作用力。这些计算出的力与测得的力之间的关系很强，表明该模型可用于根据运动学来估算力。然后使用该模型来研究打击起始距离对峰值力和增加力速率的影响。将模型输出与经验结果进行比较，结果表明，blue虫对它们的打击施加时间，以便对猎物施加平均约70％的峰值可能力，并且观测到的打击起始距离对应于使模型上的力最大化的距离。附着的猎物。我们的结果突出了蓝ill对猎物产生强大作用力的能力，并表明精度和视敏度在猎物获取中起着重要作用，超出了它们在猎物检测中公认的作用。

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