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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Experimental Biology >HUMMINGBIRD HOVERING ENERGETICS DURING MOULT OF PRIMARY FLIGHT FEATHERS
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HUMMINGBIRD HOVERING ENERGETICS DURING MOULT OF PRIMARY FLIGHT FEATHERS

机译：悍马飞鸟在初次飞行过程中徘徊的能量

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How does a hovering hummingbird compensate for the loss of flight feathers during moult when the mechanism of lift force generation by flapping wings is impaired? The flight performance of five individual ruby-throated hummingbirds with moulting primary flight feathers and reduced wing area was compared with that before their moult, Hummingbirds were flown in reduced air densities using normoxic heliox so that a range of flight energetics was displayed, The rate of moulting and the extent of wing area loss varied among individuals, One female could tolerate a 30% loss of wing area in moulting and hew with only three outer primaries per wing, Further exploratory study using the artificial reduction of wing area, either by cutting the tips of the outer primaries of a male or by plucking the secondaries of two females, suggested that secondaries play a minor role in lift force generation during hovering whereas the tip area of primaries is crucial, For the five birds, ranges of whole-bird oxygen consumption rates, wingbeat kinematics (stroke amplitude) and lift coefficients did not vary during the moult, This constancy was mainly achieved through weight loss that alleviated aerodynamic force requirements for weight support during hovering, Since the metabolic power expenditure during moult was similar to that of normal birds but the mechanical power requirement was reduced, the flight efficiency also showed a sharp reduction during moult, This increased cost of flight may result from disruption of the integrity of the flight machinery, Overall, the control of body mass in hummingbirds can provide similar aerodynamic, muscle mechanical and physiological capacities under conditions of variable flight demand. [References: 29]
机译：当通过拍打机翼产生的升力机制受损时，盘旋的蜂鸟如何补偿换羽过程中失去的飞羽？比较了五只红宝石喉蜂鸟的飞行性能与换羽的主飞行羽毛和缩小的机翼面积，与换羽前相比，使用常氧氦氧混合气以降低的空气密度飞行蜂鸟，从而显示出一系列的飞行能量，换羽和机翼面积损失的程度因人而异，一名雌性在换羽和he毛中可以忍受30％的机翼面积损失，每只机翼只有三个外生基序，进一步的探索性研究是使用人为减少的机翼面积，通过切割雄性外生初级的尖端或拔除两个雌性的次级的提示，表明次级在盘旋过程中在提升力产生中起次要作用，而初级初生的尖端区域至关重要，对于五只鸟来说，全鸟氧的范围换羽期间的消耗率，机翼运动学（冲程幅度）和升力系数没有变化。这种恒定性主要是通过减少了悬停时支撑重量的空气动力需求的八种损失，由于换羽过程中的代谢动力消耗与普通鸟类相似，但是机械动力需求降低了，飞行效率也显示出换羽过程中的急剧下降，这增加了换羽成本总体而言，在变化的飞行需求条件下，对蜂鸟体重的控制可以提供类似的空气动力学，肌肉机械和生理能力。 [参考：29]

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