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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Experimental Biology >Effects of sublethal ammonia exposure on swimming performance in rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Effects of sublethal ammonia exposure on swimming performance in rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

机译：亚致死性氨暴露对虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）游泳性能的影响

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Adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fitted with a dorsal aortic catheter were exposed to 288+/-15 mu mol l(-1) (mean +/- S.E.M.) total ammonia for 24 h in water at a pH of 8.39+/-0.02, while swimming at a speed equivalent to 0.75 body lengths s(-1) (BL s(-1)) in a Brett-type tunnel respirometer. The fish were then exposed to stepwise increments in swimming speed (0.25 BL s(-1) every 30 min) until exhaustion. Measurements of oxygen uptake (Mo-2) and plasma total ammonia levels and pH were made at each speed. Control trout were treated identically but without exposure to ammonia. Ammonia exposure caused an increase in plasma total ammonia level to 436+/-34 mu mol l(-1), compared to 183+/-30 mu mol l(-1) in control animals (N=6). A significant reduction in total plasma ammonia level was found in both groups during exercise, despite a large negative concentration gradient in those exposed to an elevated concentration of ammonia in water, which may indicate an active excretory process. The overall increase in plasma ammonia levels in exposed trout was associated with a significant reduction in critical swimming speed (U-crit) to 1.61+/-0.17 BL s(-1) from 2.23+/-0.15 BL s(-1) in control animals. Ammonia-exposed trout had a significantly higher maintenance metabolic rate (MMR) than control fish, when estimated as the gamma -intercept of the relationship between swimming speed and Mo-2. Active metabolic rate (AMR, maximum Mo-2 as measured at U-crit) was significantly lower in ammonia-exposed animals, leading to a profound reduction in factorial aerobic scope (AMR/MMR). Reduced U-crit was also linked to a reduction in maximum tailbeat frequency. Calculation of membrane potentials (E-M) in the white muscle of fish swum to U-crit revealed a significant partial depolarisation of white muscle in ammonia-exposed fish. This may have prevented white muscle recruitment and contributed to the reduced maximum tailbeat frequency and overall impairment of swimming performance in the ammonia-exposed fish.
机译：将成年鳟鱼的背侧主动脉导管安装在288 +/- 15μmol l（-1）（平均+/- SEM）总氨水中，在pH为8.39 +/- 0.02的水中暴露24小时，而在Brett型隧道呼吸仪中以等于0.75体长s（-1）（BL s（-1））的速度游泳。然后将鱼暴露于游泳速度的逐步增加（每30分钟0.25 BL s（-1）），直到筋疲力尽。在每种速度下均测量氧气吸收量（Mo-2）和血浆总氨水平以及pH。对照鳟鱼接受相同处理，但不暴露于氨水。与对照动物中的183 +/- 30μmoll（-1）相比，暴露于氨导致血浆总氨水平增加至436 +/- 34μmoll（-1）（N = 6）。尽管在暴露于水中高浓度氨的人群中负浓度梯度较大，两组在运动过程中两组血浆总氨水平均显着降低，这可能表明排泄过程活跃。裸露鳟鱼血浆氨水平的总体增加与临界游泳速度（U-crit）的显着降低有关，从2002年的2.23 +/- 0.15 BL s（-1）降至1.61 +/- 0.17 BL s（-1）。控制动物。当估计为游泳速度和Mo-2之间的关系的伽玛截距时，氨暴露的鳟鱼的维持代谢率（MMR）比对照鱼高得多。在暴露于氨的动物中，主动代谢率（AMR，在U暴击中测得的最大Mo-2）显着降低，从而导致有氧有氧运动范围（AMR / MMR）大大降低。 U暴击的减少也与最大尾拍频率的减少有关。鱼游泳至U暴击的白肌中膜电位（E-M）的计算揭示了氨暴露鱼中白肌的显着部分去极化。这可能阻止了白肌肉的募集，并导致氨暴露鱼的最大尾巴搏动频率降低和游泳性能的总体损害。

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