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首页> 外文期刊>Toxicological reviews >Tear gases and irritant incapacitants. 1-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile and dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine.
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Tear gases and irritant incapacitants. 1-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile and dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine.

机译：催泪气体和刺激性无能。 1-氯苯乙酮，2-氯亚苄基丙二腈和二苯并（b，f）-1,4-氧杂氮杂pine。

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Irritant incapacitants, also called riot control agents, lacrimators and tear gases, are aerosol-dispersed chemicals that produce eye, nose, mouth, skin and respiratory tract irritation. Tear gas is the common name for substances that, in low concentrations, cause pain in the eyes, flow of tears and difficulty in keeping the eyes open. Only three agents are likely to be deployed: (i) 1-chloroacetophenone (CN); (ii) 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS); or (iii) dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR). CN is the most toxic lacrimator and at high concentrations has caused corneal epithelial damage and chemosis. It has accounted for at least five deaths, which have resulted from pulmonary injury and/or asphyxia. CS is a 10-times more potent lacrimator than CN but is less systemically toxic. CR is the most potent lacrimator with the least systemic toxicity and is highly stable. CN, CS and CR cause almost instant pain in the eyes, excessive flow of tears and closure of the eyelids, and incapacitation of exposed individuals. Apart from the effects on the eyes, these agents also cause irritation in the nose and mouth, throat and airways and sometimes to the skin, particularly in moist and warm areas. In situations of massive exposure, tear gas, which is swallowed, may cause vomiting. Serious systemic toxicity is rare and occurs most frequently with CN; it is most likely to occur when these agents are used in very high concentrations within confined non-ventilated spaces. Based on the available toxicological and medical evidence, CS and CR have a large safety margin for life-threatening or irreversible toxic effects. There is no evidence that a healthy individual will experience long-term health effects from open-air exposures to CS or CR, although contamination with CR is less easy to remove.
机译：刺激性无功能物质，也称为防暴剂，催泪药和催泪气体，是气溶胶分散的化学物质，会刺激眼睛，鼻子，嘴巴，皮肤和呼吸道。泪液气体是低浓度会导致眼睛疼痛，流泪和难以睁开眼睛的物质的通用名称。可能只部署三种药物：（i）1-氯苯乙酮（CN）; （ii）2-氯亚苄基丙二腈（CS）;或（iii）苯并[b，f] -1,4-奥氮平（CR）。 CN是最具毒性的催泪药，高浓度时已引起角膜上皮损害和化学反应。它至少造成了五例死亡，这些死亡是由肺损伤和/或窒息引起的。 CS是强效催乳剂，是CN的10倍，但系统毒性较小。 CR是最有效的催泪药，具有最小的全身毒性，并且高度稳定。 CN，CS和CR几乎立即导致眼睛疼痛，过多的眼泪和眼睑闭合以及裸露的人无法承受能力。除了对眼睛的影响外，这些物质还引起鼻子，嘴巴，喉咙和呼吸道的刺激，有时还刺激皮肤，特别是在潮湿和温暖的地方。在大量暴露的情况下，吞入的催泪瓦斯可能引起呕吐。严重的全身毒性很少见，最常见于CN。当这些试剂在密闭的非通风空间中以很高的浓度使用时，最有可能发生。根据现有的毒理学和医学证据，CS和CR对于威胁生命或不可逆的毒性作用具有很大的安全余量。没有证据表明健康的人会因露天暴露于CS或CR而遭受长期健康影响，尽管CR的污染较难清除。

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