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Scratch and indentation tests on seashells

机译：贝壳的划痕和压痕测试

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In this work, the scratch and indentation properties of the outer and inner (nacre) layers of green mussel shells under dry and water-soaked conditions were investigated. In micro-scratch tests with increasing normal load, it was found that the scratch hardness of the inner and outer shell surfaces tended to decrease rapidly at lower loads as compared to the changes in hardness at higher loads. The readings varied in the ranges of 1.5-2.4 and 0.8-2.0 GPa for inner and outer surfaces, respectively. In nano-indentation tests, the responses of inner nacre were not affected by prior soaking as much as those of the outer shell surfaces. The outer shell surfaces showed a significant drop in nano-hardness from 4.5 to 2.8 GPa, while the Young's modulus increased from 62 to 84 GPa after soaking. However, the average nano-hardness and modulus of elasticity of nacreous inner layer only varied slightly in the range of 4.5-4.1 and 64-61 GPa, respectively. In addition, Vickers hardness readings showed that there was a detectable steady increase in micro-hardness of nacre as soaking time increased, although the differences were small. The reverse trend was observed for the outer layer. Analysis of the shells using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in reflectance mode gave strong evidence of the presence of sulphated saccharides, polyglycine and hydro-complex in the organic phase of the shell. Their interaction with calcium carbonate of the shell during scratch and indentation tests could be affected with the permeation of water due to soaking of shells.
机译：在这项工作中，研究了在干燥和水浸泡条件下青口贻贝外壳的内层和内层（珍珠层）的划痕和压痕性能。在法向载荷增加的微划痕试验中，发现与较高载荷下硬度的变化相比，在较低载荷下内外表面的划痕硬度趋于迅速降低。内表面和外表面的读数分别在1.5-2.4 GPa和0.8-2.0 GPa的范围内变化。在纳米压痕测试中，预先浸泡的内珍珠层的反应不受外壳表面的影响。浸泡后，外壳表面的纳米硬度从4.5 GPa显着下降到2.8 GPa，而杨氏模量从62 GPa增大到84 GPa。然而，珍珠质内层的平均纳米硬度和弹性模量仅分别在4.5-4.1和64-61GPa的范围内略有变化。此外，维氏硬度读数显示，随着浸泡时间的增加，珍珠母的微硬度有可检测到的稳定增加，尽管差异很小。对于外层观察到相反的趋势。使用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）在反射模式下对壳进行分析，有力证明了壳有机相中存在硫酸化糖类，聚甘氨酸和水络合物。它们在外壳的刮擦和压痕测试中与碳酸钙的相互作用可能会由于外壳的浸透而受水渗透的影响。

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