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Limitations and potentials of dual-purpose cow herds in Central Coastal Veracruz, Mexico

机译：墨西哥中部韦拉克鲁斯州中部两用牛群的局限性和潜力

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Feed chemical and kinetic composition and animal performance information was used to evaluate productivity limitations and potentials of dual-purpose member herds of the Genesis farmer organization of central coastal Veracruz, Mexico. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model (Version 6.0) was systematically applied to specific groups of cows in structured simulations to establish probable input-output relationships for typical management, and to estimate probable outcomes from alternative management based on forage-based dietary improvements. Key herd vulnerabilities were pinpointed: chronic energy deficits among dry cows of all ages in late gestation and impeded growth for immature cows. Regardless of the forage season of calving, most cows, if not all, incur energy deficits in the final trimester of gestation; thus reducing the pool of tissue energy and constraining milking performance. Under typical management, cows are smaller and underweight for their age, which limits feed intake capacity, milk production and the probability of early postpartum return to ovarian cyclicity. The substitution of good-quality harvested forage for grazing increased predicted yields by about one-third over typical scenarios for underweight cows. When diets from first parturition properly supported growth and tissue repletion, milk production in second and third lactations was predicted to improve about 60%. Judiciously supplemented diets based on good quality grass and legume forages from first calving were predicted to further increase productivity by about 80% across a three-lactation cow lifetime. These dual-purpose herd owners have large incentives to increase sales income by implementing nutritional strategies like those considered in this study.
机译：饲料化学和动力学组成以及动物性能信息用于评估墨西哥中部韦拉克鲁斯中部Genesis农民组织的两用成员畜群的生产力限制和潜力。康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质系统模型（版本6.0）已在结构化模拟中系统地应用于特定的奶牛群，以建立典型管理的可能的投入-产出关系，并基于基于饲草的饮食改进估算替代管理的可能结果。指出了关键的畜群脆弱性：各个年龄段的干奶牛在妊娠后期均存在长期能量不足，并阻碍了未成熟奶牛的生长。无论产犊的饲草季节如何，大多数母牛（如果不是全部）都会在妊娠的最后三个月出现能量不足。因此减少了组织能量库并限制了挤奶性能。在典型的管理下，母牛因年龄而变小且体重不足，这限制了采食量，产奶量以及产后早期恢复卵巢周期性的可能性。用优质收获草料代替放牧比低体重母牛的典型情况将预计产量提高了约三分之一。当第一次分娩的饮食适当地支持生长和组织补充时，第二和第三次泌乳的产奶量预计将提高约60％。据预测，从初产犊牛开始，基于优质草和豆类牧草的合理补充日粮将在三泌乳牛的一生中进一步提高生产率约80％。这些双重用途的畜群所有者通过实施本研究中所考虑的营养策略，有很大的动机来增加销售收入。

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