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首页> 外文期刊>Weed Science: Journal of the Weed Science Society of America >Integrating social science into managing herbicide-resistant weeds and associated environmental impacts.
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Integrating social science into managing herbicide-resistant weeds and associated environmental impacts.

机译：将社会科学纳入抗除草剂杂草及其相关环境影响的管理。

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摘要

Controlling herbicide resistance (HR) and its associated environmental risks is impossible without integrating social and economic science with biophysical and technology aspects. Herbicide resistance is a dynamically complex and ill-structured problem involving coupled natural-human systems that defy management approaches based on simple scientific and technology applications. The existence of mobile herbicide resistance and/or herbicide tolerance traits add complexity because susceptibility to the herbicide is a resource open to all farmers, impacting the weed population. Weed scientists have extensively researched the biophysical aspects and grower perceptions of HR. They also recognize that the "tragedy of the commons" can appear when herbicide resistance is mobile across farms. However, the human structures and processes, especially private and public institutions that influence individual and group decisions about HR, have received little analysis. To start filling that gap, we discuss an integrative management approach to sustainable weed control that addresses the social complexity of farm heterogeneity. For example, the need for a private or public collective mechanism becomes apparent to address common-pool resource (CPR) aspects when one farmer's weed control actions influence their neighbors' situations. In such conditions, sole reliance on education, technical assistance, and other incentives aimed at changing individual grower behavior likely will fail to stem the advance of HR. Social science theories can be used to enrich the understanding of human interaction with the biophysical environment and identify key actors and social change processes influencing those interactions in the case of HR. The short-run economic advantages of herbicides such as glyphosate work against social change to address HR, including the development of collective actions when mobile HR conditions exist. We discuss seven design principles that can improve the efficacy and cost of such collective approaches and draw insights from CPR approaches outside of HR.
机译：如果不将社会和经济科学与生物物理和技术方面结合起来，就不可能控制除草剂抗性（HR）及其相关的环境风险。除草剂抗性是一个动态复杂且结构不良的问题，涉及到自然-人的耦合系统，这些系统违反了基于简单科学和技术应用的管理方法。可移动的除草剂抗性和/或除草剂耐受性特征的存在增加了复杂性，因为对除草剂的易感性是向所有农民开放的资源，影响了杂草种群。杂草科学家对HR的生物物理方面和种植者的认知进行了广泛的研究。他们还认识到，当抗除草剂在农场之间传播时，就会出现“公地悲剧”。但是，人的结构和过程，尤其是影响个人和团体有关HR决策的私人和公共机构，很少得到分析。为了填补这一空白，我们讨论了一种用于可持续杂草控制的综合管理方法，该方法解决了农场异质性的社会复杂性。例如，当一个农民的杂草控制行动影响其邻居的状况时，显然需要私有或公共集体机制来解决公共池塘资源（CPR）方面的问题。在这种情况下，仅依靠教育，技术援助和旨在改变个体种植者行为的其他激励措施可能无法阻止人力资源的发展。社会科学理论可用于丰富人们对生物物理环境相互作用的理解，并确定在人力资源方面影响这些相互作用的关键因素和社会变革过程。草甘膦等除草剂的短期经济优势会阻碍社会变革以解决人力资源问题，包括在存在流动人力资源条件的情况下发展集体行动。我们讨论了七项设计原则，这些原则可以提高此类集体方法的功效和成本，并从HR之外的CPR方法中获得见识。

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