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A qualitative risk assessment approach for Swiss dairy products: opportunities and limitations.

机译：瑞士乳制品的定性风险评估方法：机遇与局限。

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Switzerland implemented a risk-based monitoring of Swiss dairy products in 2002 based on a risk assessment (RA) that considered the probability of exceeding a microbiological limit value set by law. A new RA was launched in 2007 to review and further develop the previous assessment, and to make recommendations for future risk-based monitoring according to current risks. The resulting qualitative RA was designed to ascertain the risk to human health from the consumption of Swiss dairy products. The products and microbial hazards to be considered in the RA were determined based on a risk profile. The hazards included Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. The release assessment considered the prevalence of the hazards in bulk milk samples, the influence of the process parameters on the microorganisms, and the influence of the type of dairy. The exposure assessment was linked to the production volume. An overall probability was estimated combining the probabilities of release and exposure for each combination of hazard, dairy product and type of dairy. This overall probability represents the likelihood of a product from a certain type of dairy exceeding the microbiological limit value and being passed on to the consumer. The consequences could not be fully assessed due to lack of detailed information on the number of disease cases caused by the consumption of dairy products. The results were expressed as a ranking of overall probabilities. Finally, recommendations for the design of the risk-based monitoring programme and for filling the identified data gaps were given. The aims of this work were (i) to present the qualitative RA approach for Swiss dairy products, which could be adapted to other settings and (ii) to discuss the opportunities and limitations of the qualitative method.
机译：瑞士于2002年根据风险评估（RA）对瑞士乳制品进行了基于风险的监控，该评估考虑了超过法律规定的微生物限值的可能性。 2007年启动了新的RA，以审核和进一步发展先前的评估，并根据当前风险为将来基于风险的监控提出建议。最终定性的RA旨在确定食用瑞士乳制品对人体健康的风险。根据风险状况确定了RA中要考虑的产品和微生物危害。危害包括弯曲杆菌属，单核细胞增生李斯特菌，沙门氏菌，产志贺毒素的大肠杆菌，凝固酶。阳性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素。释放评估考虑了散装牛奶样品中危害的普遍性，工艺参数对微生物的影响以及乳制品类型的影响。暴露评估与产量相关。结合危害，乳制品和乳制品类型每种组合的释放和暴露概率进行估算，得出总体概率。该总体概率表示某类乳制品的产品超过微生物极限值并传递给消费者的可能性。由于缺乏有关食用乳制品引起的疾病病例数的详细信息，因此无法完全评估后果。结果表示为总体概率的等级。最后，提出了有关设计基于风险的监视程序并填补已发现的数据空白的建议。这项工作的目的是（i）介绍瑞士乳制品的定性RA方法，该方法可以适用于其他环境;以及（ii）讨论定性方法的机会和局限性。

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