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Evaluations of and Reasoning About Normative and Deviant Ingroup and Outgroup Members: Development of the Black Sheep Effect

机译：规范和偏差内小组成员和外小组成员的评估和推理：黑羊效应的发展

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Research with adults has demonstrated a "black sheep effect" (BSE) whereby, relative to evaluations of normative group members, ingroup deviants are derogated more than outgroup deviants. The developmental subjective group dynamics (DSGD) model holds that the BSE should develop during middle childhood when children apply wider social norms. Three hundred and thirty-eight children who were between 5 and 12 years old judged a normative (socially desirable) and a deviant (socially undesirable) member from an ingroup or an outgroup school. Results confirmed a developmental increase in the BSE, the first time this has been demonstrated. Children's own evaluations of group members were mediated by their expectations about ingroup peers' evaluations. In line with DSGD and social domain theories, with age, children's explanations of peer evaluations for ingroup deviance focused relatively more on loyalty. Practical and theoretical implications for peer inclusion and exclusion are discussed.
机译：对成年人的研究显示出“败类效应”（BSE），相对于对规范性小组成员的评估，组内偏差比外组偏差更大。发展性主观群体动力学（DSGD）模型认为，疯牛病应在儿童应用较广泛的社会规范的中年儿童时期发展。年龄在5到12岁之间的383个孩子是来自团体或团体学校的一名规范成员（在社会上是可取的）和一名偏差成员（在社会上是不可取的）。结果首次证实了疯牛病的发展。儿童对小组成员的评价是由他们对小组内同伴评价的期望所介导的。与DSGD和社会领域理论相一致，随着年龄的增长，孩子们对同伴评估小组内偏离的解释更多地集中在忠诚度上。讨论了对同伴包容和排除的实践和理论意义。

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