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Development of Attention Networks and Their Interactions in Childhood

机译：注意网络的发展及其在儿童时期的相互作用

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In the present study, we investigated developmental trajectories of alerting, orienting, and executive attention networks and their interactions over childhood. Two cross-sectional experiments were conducted with different samples of 6- to 12-year-old children using modified versions of the attention network task (ANT). In Experiment 1 (N = 106), alerting and orienting cues were independently manipulated, thus allowing examination of interactions between these 2 networks, as well as between them and, the executive attention network. In Experiment 2 (N = 159), additional changes were made to the task in order to foster exogenous orienting cues. Results from both studies consistently revealed separate developmental trajectories for each attention network. Children younger than 7 years exhibited stronger benefits from having an alerting auditory signal prior to the target presentation. Developmental changes in orienting were mostly observed on response accuracy between middle and late childhood, whereas executive attention showed increases in efficiency between 7 years and older ages, and further improvements in late childhood. Of importance, across both experiments, significant interactions between alerting and orienting, as well as between each of these and the executive attention network, were observed. Alerting cues led to speeding shifts of attention and enhancing orienting processes. Also, both alerting and orienting cues modulated the magnitude of the flanker interference effect. These findings inform current theoretical models of human attention and its development, characterizing for the first time, the age-related course of attention networks interactions that, present in adults, stem from further refinements over childhood.
机译：在本研究中，我们调查了预警，定向和行政注意网络的发展轨迹及其在儿童时期的相互作用。使用注意力网络任务（ANT）的改进版本，对6至12岁儿童的不同样本进行了两个横截面实验。在实验1（N = 106）中，警报和定向提示是独立操纵的，因此可以检查这两个网络之间以及它们与执行者注意网络之间的相互作用。在实验2（N = 159）中，对任务进行了其他更改，以培养外来的定向提示。两项研究的结果一致地揭示了每个注意力网络的发展轨迹。 7岁以下的儿童在目标演示之前通过发出警报性听觉信号表现出更大的优势。定向发展方面的变化主要是在儿童中期至儿童期之间的响应准确性上观察到的，而行政人员的注意力则显示了7岁至更高年龄段儿童的效率提高，以及儿童期后期的进一步改善。重要的是，在两个实验中，观察到了警报和定向之间以及它们与执行者注意网络之间的重要交互作用。提示提示导致注意力转移速度加快，并增强了定向过程。同样，警报和定向提示都调制了侧翼干扰效果的大小。这些发现为当前人类注意力及其发展的理论模型提供了信息，这首次表征了与年龄相关的注意力过程网络的相互作用，这种相互作用存在于成年人中，源于儿童时期的进一步完善。

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