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The Early Bronze Age/Middle Bronze Age transition and the aquifer geography in the Near East

机译：青铜时代早期/中古铜时代的过渡和近东的含水层地理

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摘要

Groundwater often remains a neglected natural resource in archaeological studies in the Near East. Here we examine the potential role of aquifers in transitional phenomena in the eastern Mediterranean at the Early Bronze Age (EBA) - Middle Bronze Age (MBA) boundary using geographic relations between aquifers and archaeological settlements. As a basis for this analysis, the aquifer areas within buffers zones of 5, 10 and 20 km around the sites were used. For comparison, the total watercourse lengths within the same zones were calculated. Although no substantial changes in watercourse lengths could be found, the aquifer geography around EBA and MBA sites did show regional differences. The proportion of settlements with aquifers in upper Mesopotamia and the northern Levant doubled during the transition from EBA to MBA, whereas in the southern Levant this proportion decreased. We propose several explanatory models for these results: environmental (desiccation regional trend around 4.2 ka BP), non environmental (changes in strategic importance, subsistence economy or hygienic requirements) and combined (human-induced transformation in the vegetation, changes in soil properties or changes in human perception of the environment followed by changes in behavioral attitudes). This study further emphasizes the potential of GIS-based spatial analysis applications in archaeology. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：在近东地区的考古研究中，地下水通常仍然是被忽视的自然资源。在这里，我们利用含水层和考古定居点之间的地理关系，研究了东地中海在青铜时代早期（EBA）-青铜时代中期（MBA）边界中含水层在过渡现象中的潜在作用。作为该分析的基础，使用了场地周围5、10和20 km缓冲区内的含水层区域。为了比较，计算了相同区域内的总河道长度。尽管未发现河道长度有实质性变化，但EBA和MBA站点周围的含水层地理确实显示出区域差异。在从EBA过渡到MBA期间，美索不达米亚上部和黎凡特北部含水层的定居比例增加了一倍，而黎凡特南部则有所下降。对于这些结果，我们提出了几种解释模型：环境（4.2 ka BP附近的干旱区域趋势），非环境（战略重要性，自给经济或卫生要求的变化）和综合（人为导致的植被转变，土壤性质或改变人类对环境的感知，然后改变行为态度。这项研究进一步强调了基于GIS的空间分析在考古中的应用潜力。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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