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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of applied toxicology >Mosquito coil smoke inhalation toxicity. Part I: validation of test approach and acute inhalation toxicity.
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Mosquito coil smoke inhalation toxicity. Part I: validation of test approach and acute inhalation toxicity.

机译：蚊香吸入烟雾会中毒。第一部分：测试方法和急性吸入毒性的验证。

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Burning mosquito coils indoors to repel mosquitoes is a common practice in many households in tropical countries. The evaluation and assessment of the inhalation toxicity of smoke emitted from mosquito coils appear to be particularly challenging due to the complex nature of this type of exposure atmosphere. The potential health implications of the gases, volatile agents and particulate matter emitted from burning coils or incense have frequently been addressed; however, state-of-the-art inhalation toxicity studies are scarce. The focus of this paper was comparatively to evaluate and assess the appropriateness and practical constraints of the whole-body versus the nose-only mode of exposure for inhalation toxicity studies with burning mosquito coils. With regard to the controlled exposure of laboratory animals to complex smoke atmospheres the nose-only mode of exposure had distinct advantages over the whole-body exposure, which included a rapid attainment of the inhalation chamber steady state, minimization of particle coagulation and uncontrolled adsorption of condensate onto the chamber surfaces. While in whole-body chambers a different kinetic behaviour of volatile and particulate constituents was found which caused inhomogeneous, i.e. artificially enriched atmospheres with volatile components at the expense of aerosols, the nose-only mode of exposure provided maximum exposure intensities without losses of the particulate phase of the exposure atmosphere. Collectively, the results obtained support the conclusion that the dynamic nose-only mode of exposure is experimentally superior to the quasistatic whole-body exposure mode which provides the least control over exposure atmospheres and the outcome highly contingent on selected experimental factors. Acute inhalation toxicity studies in rats suggest that the most critical metrics of exposure are apparently related to (semi)volatile upper respiratory tract sensory irritants, whilst the asphyxic component, carbon monoxide, plays a role only at overtly irritant exposure levels. However, this study was conducted at exposure concentrations much higher than encountered by people in residential settings and the effects observed under these conditions may not be relevant to hazards from exposures at common use levels. Neither an acute 8 h exposure of rats nor the 1 h sensory irritation study in mice and rats provided experimental evidence that irritant particle-related effects had occurred in the lower respiratory tract. In summary, the protocols devised evaluate and assess the acute inhalation toxicity of mosquito coil smoke demonstrating that the nose-only mode of exposure of rats to the smoke of mosquito coils is suitable to assess the toxic potency of different coils. The nose-only mode has clear advantages over the whole-body exposure mode. The inhalation studies conducted show unequivocally that acute toxic effects are difficult to produce with this type of product even under rigorous testing conditions.
机译：在室内燃烧蚊香以驱除蚊子是热带国家许多家庭的普遍做法。由于这种暴露环境的复杂性，对蚊香释放出的烟雾的吸入毒性的评估和评估似乎特别具有挑战性。燃烧的线圈或香气散发出的气体，挥发剂和颗粒物对健康的潜在影响已得到经常解决;但是，有关吸入毒性的最新研究很少。本文的重点是比较性地评估和评估全身燃烧与仅用鼻子接触的方式与燃烧蚊香的吸入毒性研究的适当性和实际限制。关于实验室动物在复杂烟雾环境中的受控暴露，仅鼻子暴露模式具有比全身暴露明显的优势，包括迅速达到吸入室稳态，最小化颗粒凝结和不受控制的吸附。冷凝到腔室表面上。虽然在全身室中发现了挥发性和颗粒状成分的不同动力学行为，这些行为导致不均匀（即人工富集了具有挥发性成分的大气，但以气溶胶为代价），仅鼻部暴露方式提供了最大的暴露强度，而不会损失颗粒暴露气氛的阶段。总体而言，获得的结果支持以下结论：仅鼻子动态暴露方式在实验上优于准静态全身暴露方式，准静态全身暴露方式对暴露气氛的控制最少，且结果高度取决于所选的实验因素。对大鼠的急性吸入毒性研究表明，最关键的接触指标显然与（半）挥发性上呼吸道感觉刺激物有关，而窒息成分一氧化碳仅在明显刺激物接触水平下起作用。但是，这项研究是在暴露浓度远高于居住环境中人们所遇到的浓度下进行的，在这些条件下观察到的影响可能与普通使用水平下的暴露危害无关。大鼠急性暴露8 h或小鼠和大鼠1 h感觉刺激研究均未提供实验性证据，表明下呼吸道已发生与刺激性颗粒相关的作用。总而言之，设计的协议评估和评估了蚊香的急性吸入毒性，证明了大鼠仅以鼻子的方式暴露于蚊香的烟气适合评估不同蚊香的毒性。仅鼻子模式比全身暴露模式具有明显优势。进行的吸入研究明确表明，即使在严格的测试条件下，用这种类型的产品也很难产生急性毒性作用。

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