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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Botany >Genetic evidence for differential selection of grain and embryo weight during wheat evolution under domestication
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Genetic evidence for differential selection of grain and embryo weight during wheat evolution under domestication

机译：驯化条件下小麦进化过程中籽粒和胚重差异选择的遗传证据

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Genetic and phenotypic analysis of wild and domesticated tetraploid wheat suggests differential selection of grain and embryo weight during wheat evolution under domestication.Wheat is one of the Neolithic founder crops domesticated similar to 10 500 years ago. Following the domestication episode, its evolution under domestication has resulted in various genetic modifications. Grain weight, embryo weight, and the interaction between those factors were examined among domesticated durum wheat and its direct progenitor, wild emmer wheat. Experimental data show that grain weight has increased over the course of wheat evolution without any parallel change in embryo weight, resulting in a significantly reduced (30%) embryo weight/grain weight ratio in domesticated wheat. The genetic factors associated with these modifications were further investigated using a population of recombinant inbred substitution lines that segregated for chromosome 2A. A cluster of loci affecting grain weight and shape was identified on the long arm of chromosome 2AL. Interestingly, a novel locus controlling embryo weight was mapped on chromosome 2AS, on which the wild emmer allele promotes heavier embryos and greater seedling vigour. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a QTL for embryo weight in wheat. The results suggest a differential selection of grain and embryo weight during the evolution of domesticated wheat. It is argued that conscious selection by early farmers favouring larger grains and smaller embryos appears to have resulted in a significant change in endosperm weight/embryo weight ratio in the domesticated wheat. Exposing the genetic factors associated with endosperm and embryo size improves our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of wheat under domestication and is likely to be useful for future wheat-breeding efforts.
机译：对野生和驯化的四倍体小麦的遗传和表型分析表明，驯化条件下小麦进化过程中谷物和胚重的差异选择。小麦是新石器时代的奠基作物之一，类似于10 500年前的驯化。驯化事件发生后，其在驯化条件下的进化导致各种遗传修饰。在驯化的硬质小麦及其直接祖先野生Emmer小麦中检查了籽粒重量，胚芽重量以及这些因素之间的相互作用。实验数据表明，谷物重量在小麦进化过程中增加了，而胚芽重量却没有任何平行变化，导致驯化小麦的胚芽重量/籽粒重量比显着降低（30％）。使用针对染色体2A分离的重组近交自交系，进一步研究了与这些修饰相关的遗传因素。在2AL号染色体的长臂上发现了影响谷物重量和形状的基因座簇。有趣的是，在2AS染色体上绘制了一个控制胚胎重量的新基因座，野生Emmer等位基因在其上促进了较重的胚胎和更大的幼苗活力。据我们所知，这是小麦胚重QTL的首次报道。结果表明，在驯化小麦的进化过程中，籽粒和胚重的选择不同。有人认为，早期农民有意识地选择较大的谷物和较小的胚芽似乎导致了驯化小麦的胚乳重量/胚芽重量比发生了显着变化。暴露与胚乳和胚芽大小有关的遗传因素可以增进我们对驯化下小麦进化动力学的了解，并且可能对将来的小麦育种工作有用。

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