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Sex determination: Insights from the silkworm

机译：性别决定：家蚕的见解

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The sex-determining system differs considerably among organisms. Even among insect species, the genetic system for sexdetermination is highly diversified. In Drosophila melanogaster, somatic sexual differentiation is regulated by a well characterized genetic hierarchy X:A > Sxl > tra/tra2 > dsx and fru. This cascade seems to control sex determination in all Drosophila species and is partially conserved in another dipteran species, Ceratitis capitata: Cctra/Cctra-2 > Ccdsx and Ccfru. However, in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, femaleness is determined by the presence of a dominant feminizing factor on the W chromosome. Moreover, no sex-specific regulatory Sxl homolog has been isolated from B. mori. Also, no tra homolog has yet been found in the Bombyx genome. Despite such differences, dsx homolog of B. mori (Bmdsx) is implicated in the sex determination. Bmdsx produces alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms that encode sex specific transcription factors as observed in dsx. While the female-specific splicing of dsx is activated by splicing activators, Tra and Tra2, the female splicing of Bmdsx represents the default mode. Instead, a splicing inhibitor, BmPSI is involved in the regulation of male-specific splicing of Bmdsx. Since BmPSI does not exhibit any sequence relationship to known SR proteins, such as Tra and Tra2, the regulatory mechanism of sex-specific alternative splicing of Bmdsx is distinct from that of dsx.
机译：性别决定系统在有机体之间存在很大差异。即使在昆虫物种中，用于性别确定的遗传系统也高度多样化。在果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）中，体细胞性分化由特征明确的遗传等级X：A> Sxl> tra / tra2> dsx和fru调节。这种级联似乎可以控制所有果蝇物种的性别决定，并且在另一种双翅类物种中也存在一定的保守性，即：角实角藻：Cctra / Cctra-2> Ccdsx和Ccfru。但是，在家蚕中，雌性由W染色体上占主导地位的女性化因子决定。此外，尚未从家蚕中分离出具有性别特异性的调节性Sxl同源物。另外，在Bombyx基因组中尚未发现任何同系物。尽管存在此类差异，但性别决定因素仍牵涉桑蚕双歧杆菌的dsx同源物（Bmdsx）。 Bdssx产生选择性剪接的mRNA异构体，编码dsx中观察到的性别特异性转录因子。尽管dsx的女性特定拼接是通过拼接激活剂Tra和Tra2激活的，但Bmdsx的女性拼接代表了默认模式。相反，剪接抑制剂BmPSI参与了Bmdsx男性特异性剪接的调控。由于BmPSI与已知的SR蛋白（例如Tra和Tra2）没有任何序列关系，因此Bmdsx的性别特异性可变剪接的调控机制与dsx不同。

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