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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences >Observed climate variability and change of relevance to the biosphere
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Observed climate variability and change of relevance to the biosphere

机译：观测到的气候变化和与生物圈相关性的变化

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In this paper we review the current instrumental evidence regarding climate variations and change during the 20th century emphasizing those changes that are likely to have direct interactions with the biosphere. Three basic questions are addressed: (1) Is the climate getting warmer, (2) is the hydrologic cycle changing, and (3) is the climate becoming more extreme. Based on global near-surface temperature measurements for the 20th century, it is clear that a warming of similar to 0.5 degrees C has occurred. More importantly for biospheric systems, however, are the observed asymmetric changes in daily maximum and minimum temperature? with the minimum temperatures increasing at a rate approximately twice that of the maximum temperature. Other temperature-sensitive measures, such as glacial and snow cover extent, reinforce the observed temperature trends. Examination of the hydrologic cycle indicates that changes also appear to be occurring, although less confidence can be placed on these analyses than those for temperature. Recent studies suggest that precipitation has increased in higher latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Increases in cloudiness, atmospheric water vapor, and changes in stream flow also suggest that changes to a more vigorous hydrologic cycle are taking place. The final question regarding climate extremes is much more difficult to assess due to a lack of high temporal resolution climate databases. Of the few studies that have been performed, however, there is evidence that precipitation extremes, particularly heavy rainfall events, are increasing in the United States and Australia, also suggesting an enhanced hydrologic cycle as the planet warms. [References: 48]
机译：在本文中，我们回顾了有关20世纪气候变化和变化的现有工具证据，强调了那些可能与生物圈直接相互作用的变化。解决了三个基本问题：（1）气候变暖了;（2）水文循环发生了变化;（3）气候变得更加极端了。根据20世纪全球近地表温度的测量，很明显发生了类似0.5摄氏度的变暖。但是，对于生物圈系统而言，更重要的是，每天最高和最低温度是否观测到不对称变化？最低温度的增加速度约为最高温度的两倍。其他对温度敏感的措施，例如冰川和积雪程度，可增强观测到的温度趋势。对水文循环的检查表明，虽然与温度相比，对分析的置信度较低，但似乎也正在发生变化。最近的研究表明，在较高的纬度地区，特别是在北半球，降水增加了。浑浊，大气水蒸气的增加以及水流的变化也表明，正在发生向更剧烈的水文循环的变化。由于缺乏高时间分辨率的气候数据库，有关极端气候的最后一个问题很难评估。然而，在已进行的少数研究中，有证据表明，在美国和澳大利亚，极端降水（尤其是强降雨事件）在增加，这也表明随着地球变暖，水文循环增强了。 [参考：48]

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