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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of hydrometeorology >The importance of spring and autumn atmospheric conditions for the evaporation regime of lake superior
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The importance of spring and autumn atmospheric conditions for the evaporation regime of lake superior

机译：春季和秋季大气条件对苏必利尔湖蒸发状态的重要性

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Feedbacks between ice extent and evaporation have long been suspected to be important for Lake Superior evaporation because it is during autumn and winter when latent heat fluxes are highest. Recent direct measurements of evaporation made at the Stannard Rock Lighthouse have provided new information on the physical controls on Lake Superior evaporation, in particular that evaporation can react within hours to days to a change in synoptic conditions. However, the large heat capacity of the lake creates a strong seasonal cycle of energy storage and release. There is a complex interaction among heat storage, evaporation, and ice cover that is highly dependent on atmospheric conditions in the spring and autumn ''shoulder seasons.'' Small changes in conditions in November and March caused by synoptic-scale events can have profound impacts on annual evaporation, the extent of ice cover, and the length of the ice-covered period. Early winter air temperatures in November and December dictate the nature of ice formation and much of the winter evaporative flux. Decreased ice cover, by itself, does not necessarily lead to enhanced annual evaporation losses. Rather, a combination of low ice cover and warm spring air temperatures, leading to an early breakup, can significantly lengthen the next evaporation season and cause greater cumulative water loss the subsequent year. The influence of individual synoptic events on annual evaporation is notable enough that the research community should ensure that their role is properly captured in numerical models to provide sound predictions of future Laurentian Great Lakes evaporation regimes.
机译：长期以来，人们一直怀疑冰量和蒸发之间的反馈对于苏必利尔湖的蒸发很重要，因为在秋季和冬季，潜热通量最高。最近在斯坦纳德岩灯塔（Stannard Rock Lighthouse）进行的直接蒸发测量已经提供了有关苏必利尔湖蒸发的物理控制的新信息，尤其是蒸发可以在数小时至数天内对天气条件的变化做出反应。但是，湖泊的高热容量产生了强大的能量储存和释放的季节性循环。储热，蒸发和冰盖之间存在复杂的相互作用，这在很大程度上取决于春季和秋季“肩季”的大气条件。天气尺度事件引起的11月和3月情况的细微变化可能会产生深远的影响。影响每年的蒸发量，冰覆盖的范围以及冰覆盖期的长度。 11月和12月初的冬季气温决定了结冰的性质以及冬季的大部分蒸发通量。冰盖的减少本身并不一定导致年蒸发损失增加。相反，低冰层和温暖的春季空气温度的结合导致较早破裂，可显着延长下一个蒸发季节，并在下一年引起更大的累积失水量。个别天气事件对年蒸发量的影响十分显着，以至于研究界应确保在数值模型中正确地捕捉到它们的作用，以提供对未来劳伦大湖蒸发状态的可靠预测。

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