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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of nanoparticle research: An interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology >The long view of nanotechnology development: The National Nanotechnology Initiative at 10 years
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The long view of nanotechnology development: The National Nanotechnology Initiative at 10 years

机译：纳米技术发展的长远眼光：十年的国家纳米技术计划

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摘要

A global scientific and societal endeavor was set in motion by the nanotechnology vision formulated in 1999 that inspired the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) and other national and international R&D programs. Establishing foundational knowledge at the nanoscale has been the main focus of the nanotechnology research community in the first decade. As of 2009, this new knowledge underpinned about a quarter of a trillion dollars worldwide market, of which about $91 billion was in US products that incorporate nanoscale components. Nanotechnology is already evolving toward becoming a general-purpose technology by 2020, encompassing four generations of products with increasing structural and dynamic complexity: (1) passive nanostructures, (2) active nanostructures, (3) nanosystems, and (4) molecular nanosystems. By 2020, the increasing integration of nanoscale science and engineering knowledge and of nanosystems promises mass applications of nanotechnology in industry, medicine, and computing, and in better comprehension and conservation of nature. Nanotechnology's rapid development worldwide is a testimony to the transformative power of identifying a concept or trend and laying out a vision at the synergistic confluence of diverse scientific research areas. This chapter provides a brief perspective on the development of the NNI since 2000 in the international context, the main outcomes of the R&D programs after 10 years, the governance aspects specific to this emerging field, lessons learned, and most importantly, how the nanotechnology community should prepare for the future.
机译：1999年制定的纳米技术构想推动了全球科学和社会事业的发展，该构想激发了国家纳米技术计划（NNI）以及其他国家和国际研发计划。在最初的十年中，在纳米尺度上建立基础知识一直是纳米技术研究界的主要重点。截至2009年，这一新知识为全球约1万亿美元的市场提供了支撑，其中约910亿美元来自美国采用纳米级成分的产品。纳米技术已经在逐步发展成为一种通用技术，到2020年将涵盖四代产品，这些产品具有越来越高的结构和动态复杂性：（1）无源纳米结构，（2）有源纳米结构，（3）纳米系统和（4）分子纳米系统。到2020年，纳米级科学和工程知识以及纳米系统的日益融合，保证了纳米技术在工业，医学和计算机领域的广泛应用，以及对自然界的更好理解和保护。纳米技术在世界范围内的快速发展证明了识别概念或趋势并为各种科学研究领域的协同汇合奠定了远景的变革力量。本章简要介绍了自2000年以来国际环境下NNI的发展，十年后R＆D计划的主要成果，该新兴领域特有的治理方面，经验教训，以及最重要的是纳米技术界如何应该为未来做准备。

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