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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences >Effect of the Hadley circulation on the reflection of planetary waves in three-dimensional tropospheric flows
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Effect of the Hadley circulation on the reflection of planetary waves in three-dimensional tropospheric flows

机译：哈德利环流对三维对流层流中行星波反射的影响

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The nonlinear behavior of quasi-stationary planetary waves excited by midlatitude orographic forcing is considered in a three-dimensional primitive equation model that includes a representation of the Hadley circulation. The Hadley circulation is forced by Newtonian cooling to a zonally symmetric reference temperature and vertical diffusion on the zonally symmetric component of the flow. To quantify the effect of the Hadley circulation on wave propagation, breaking, and nonlinear reflection, an initial state with no meridional flow, but with the same zonal flow as the Hadley state, is also considered. In order to allow the propagation of large-scale waves over extended periods, Rayleigh friction is applied at low levels to delay the onset of baroclinic instability. As in the absence of a Hadley circulation, the waves in the Hadley state propagate toward low latitudes where the background flow is weak and the waves are therefore likely to break. Potential vorticity fields on isentropic surfaces are used to diagnose wave breaking. Nonlinear pseudomomentum conservation relations are used to quantify the absorption-reflection behavior of the wave breaking region. In the presence of a Hadley circulation representative of winter conditions, the nonlinear reflection requires more forcing to get established, but a reflected wave train is still present in the numerical simulations, both for a longitudinally symmetric forcing and for the more realistic case of an isolated forcing. The effect of the thermal damping on the waves is more severe in the current three-dimensional simulations than in the shallow water case considered in an earlier study. Both the directly forced wave train and the reflected wave train are quite barotropic in character; however, in the shallow water case one is essentially assuming an infinite vertical scale. [References: 21]
机译：在包含哈德利环流表示形式的三维原始方程模型中，考虑了由中纬度地形强迫激发的准平稳行星波的非线性行为。 Hadley循环通过牛顿冷却被强制到一个区域对称的参考温度，并在流体的区域对称分量上垂直扩散。为了量化Hadley环流对波传播，破裂和非线性反射的影响，还考虑了没有子午流，但具有与Hadley状态相同的纬向流的初始状态。为了允许大范围的波在较长时间内传播，以较低的水平施加瑞利摩擦以延迟斜压不稳定的发生。与没有哈德利环流的情况一样，哈德利状态的波向低纬度传播，背景流动较弱，因此波很可能会破裂。等熵表面上的潜在涡度场用于诊断波浪破碎。非线性伪动量守恒关系用于量化破波区域的吸收反射行为。在存在代表冬季条件的哈德利环流的情况下，非线性反射需要更多的强迫才能建立，但是在数值模拟中仍然存在反射波列，无论是纵向对称强迫还是更现实的孤立情况。强迫。在当前的三维模拟中，热阻尼对波浪的影响要比早期研究中考虑的浅水情况更为严重。直达波列和反射波列都具有正压性。然而，在浅水情况下，基本上是假定无限的垂直尺度。 [参考：21]

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