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Prediction of graupel density in a bulk microphysics scheme

机译：体微观物理学方案中的graupel密度预测

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摘要

Amethod to predict the bulk density of graupel rg has been added to the two-moment Milbrandt-Yau bulk microphysics scheme. The simulation of graupel using the modified scheme is illustrated through idealized simulations of a mesoscale convective system using a 2D kinematic model with a prescribed flow field and different peak updraft speeds. To examine the relative impact of the various approaches to represent rimed ice, simulations were run for various graupel-only and graupel-plus-hail configurations. Because of the direct feedback of rg to terminal fall speeds, the modified scheme produces a much different spatial distribution of graupel, with more mass concentrated in the convective region resulting in changes to the surface precipitation at all locations. With a strong updraft, the model can now produce solid precipitation at the surface in the convective region without a separate hail category. It is shown that a single rimed-ice category is capable of representing a realistically wide range of graupel characteristics in various atmospheric conditions without the need for a priori parameter settings. Sensitivity tests were conducted to examine various aspects of the scheme that affect the simulated rg. Specific parameterizations pertaining to other hydrometeor categories now have a direct impact on the simulation of graupel, including the assumed aerosol distribution for droplet nucleation, which affects the drop sizes of both cloud and rain, and the mass-size relation for snow, which affects its density and hence the embryo density of graupel converted from snow due to riming.
机译：可以在两步的Milbrandt-Yau体积微物理方案中添加用于预测graupel rg体积密度的方法。通过使用具有规定流场和不同峰值上升速度的二维运动学模型的中尺度对流系统的理想模拟，说明了使用改进方案的graupel模拟。为了检查表示冰面的各种方法的相对影响，针对各种仅限graupel的和graupel加冰雹的配置进行了模拟。由于rg对最终落下速度的直接反馈，修改后的方案会产生graupel的空间分布差异很大，更多的质量集中在对流区域，导致所有位置的表面降水发生变化。通过强烈的上升气流，该模型现在可以在对流区域的地面产生固体降水，而无需单独的冰雹类别。结果表明，单个冰格类别能够在各种大气条件下代表实际上很宽的格栅特性，而无需先验参数设置。进行了敏感性测试，以检查影响模拟RG的方案的各个方面。现在，与其他水凝物类别有关的特定参数设置直接对graupel的模拟产生影响，包括假定的液滴成核气溶胶分布，这会影响云和雨的液滴大小，以及雪的质量大小关系，从而会影响其大小。由于缘缘，gra的密度和因此的胚芽密度从雪中转化而来。

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