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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews >Biological Control of Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops
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Biological Control of Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops

机译：作物黄曲霉毒素污染的生物防治

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Aflatoxin contamination of crops compromises the safety of food and feed supplies and causes significant economic losses each year. Of the many research approaches being studied to reduce and, ultimately, eliminate aflatoxin contamination, biological control is one of the more promising, particularly for the near-term. Numerous organisms have been tested for biological control of aflatoxin contamination including bacteria, yeasts, and nontoxigenic strains of the causal organisms, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Most of the field successes to date have been achieved by applying certain nontoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus to soil of susceptible crops, such as peanuts, cotton, and corn. The applied strains occupy the same niche as the naturally occurring toxigenic strains and competitively exclude them when crops are susceptible to infection. Various formulations have been used to apply the nontoxigenic strains to soil, but the most effective methods have been to combine the desired strain with a carrier/substrate, such as a small grain. This was done either by minimally growing the desired strain on sterilized grain or by coating the surface of the grain with conidia of the strain. After application to the field and uptake of moisture, the fungus completely colonizes the grain, and abundant sporulation provides inoculum levels sufficient to achieve a competitive advantage for the nontoxigenic strain. In several years of field studies, particularly with peanuts and cotton, significant reductions in aflatoxin contamination in the range of 70-90% have been achieved consistently. Two separate products have recently received EPA registration as biopesticides to control aflatoxin contamination in cotton (AF36) and peanuts (afla-guard~R).
机译：作物中的黄曲霉毒素污染损害了食品和饲料供应的安全性，并每年造成重大的经济损失。在许多旨在减少并最终消除黄曲霉毒素污染的研究方法中，生物防治是最有前途的方法之一，尤其是在短期内。已经测试了许多生物对黄曲霉毒素的生物控制作用，包括细菌，酵母菌和致病生物的非产毒菌株黄曲霉和寄生曲霉。迄今为止，大多数田间成功都是通过将某些无毒菌株黄曲霉和寄生曲霉应用于易感作物的土壤，例如花生，棉花和玉米。所施加的菌株与天然产毒菌株具有相同的生态位，并且在农作物易受感染时竞争性地将它们排除在外。已经使用了各种配方将非产毒菌株应用于土壤，但是最有效的方法是将所需菌株与载体/基质（例如小颗粒）结合在一起。这可以通过在无菌谷物上最小化所需菌株的生长，或通过用该菌株的分生孢子覆盖谷物的表面来完成。施用到田间并吸收水分后，真菌完全定居在谷物中，丰富的孢子形成量可提供足以达到无毒菌株竞争优势的接种量。在数年的田间研究中，特别是对花生和棉花，黄曲霉毒素的污染已显着减少了70-90％。最近有两种单独的产品已获得EPA的生物农药认证，以控制棉花（AF36）和花生（afla-guard〜R）中的黄曲霉毒素污染。

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