REVIEW ON THE ONTOGENY OF LARVAE FROM NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES: THE PACU MODEL

M. C. Portella; N. J. Leitao; O. C. C. Menossi; T. M. Freitas; J. T. Kojima; T. S. Lopes; R. K. Jomori; J. A. Clavijo-Ayala; D. J. Carneiro

摘要

Fish production by aquaculture in Brazil (394.340 tons in 2012) relies predominantly on freshwater fish. In addition to the exotic tilapia, carp, and trout, approximately 140 000 tons of fish are native South American species. The larvi-culture techniques usually employed for the production of these juveniles is the outdoor semi-intensive system. In this system the larvae are directly stocked in fertilized ponds just after mouth opening and maintained there to the juvenile phase (30-50 days). However, the survival rates obtained with this system are usually low. As a result, large-scale fish production is unpredictable and highly dependent on environmental conditions. An alternative technique is the intensive system, which provides better survival conditions because the larvae are initially reared in the laboratory for a few days (or weeks) before being transferred to the ponds. Our previous studies demonstrated the economic feasibility of intensive larviculture in the initial rearing of pacu. As fish farming grows into a more important economic activity in Brazil, the demand for larvae and juveniles has been increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement better technologies to increase the availability of high-quality juveniles in the market.

机译：巴西水产养殖的鱼产量（2012年为394.340吨）主要依靠淡水鱼。除了外来的罗非鱼，鲤鱼和鳟鱼，约有14万吨鱼是南美本土鱼类。通常用于生产这些幼体的幼虫养殖技术是室外半精养系统。在这个系统中，幼虫张开嘴后就直接放到受精的池塘中，并保持到幼年期（30-50天）。但是，使用该系统获得的生存率通常较低。结果，大规模的鱼类生产是不可预测的，并且高度依赖于环境条件。替代技术是集约化系统，该系统可提供更好的生存条件，因为幼虫最初在实验室中饲养了几天（或几周），然后才转移到池塘中。我们以前的研究表明，在初期养殖帕库鱼时，精养幼鱼的经济可行性。随着巴西的养鱼业发展成为一项更重要的经济活动，对幼虫和幼鱼的需求一直在增加。因此，有必要开发和实施更好的技术，以增加市场上高质量青少年的可用性。

REVIEW ON THE ONTOGENY OF LARVAE FROM NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES: THE PACU MODEL

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