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首页> 外文期刊>Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology >Physiological characteristics of low-threshold mechanoreceptors in joints, muscle and skin in human subjects.
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Physiological characteristics of low-threshold mechanoreceptors in joints, muscle and skin in human subjects.

机译：人类受试者关节，肌肉和皮肤中低阈值机械感受器的生理特性。

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SUMMARY 1. The development of microneurography, in which an insulated tungsten microelectrode is inserted into an accessible peripheral or cranial nerve in awake human subjects, has allowed detailed analyses of the signalling capacities of single mechanoreceptive afferents from the skin, muscles and joints. For example, we know much about how the two classes of rapidly adapting (Meissner and Pacinian) and two classes of slowly adapting (Merkel and Ruffini) cutaneous mechanoreceptors encode forces applied normal or tangential to the skin of the hand and the similarities and differences in glabrous versus non-glabrous skin (and receptors associated with hairs). We also know about stretch- and force-sensitive endings in muscle (the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ, respectively) and how they behave during passive or active movements or during isometric contractions. In addition, we have characterized the firing properties of mechanoreceptors in the joint capsules of the fingers. However, we know little about sensory nerves in the periosteum, other than that nociceptors and Pacinian corpuscles exist. 2. In addition to studies on the physiology of sensory endings in human subjects, microstimulation through the recording microelectrode has revealed how the brain deals with the sensory information conveyed by a single afferent. From this work, we know that there is specificity in the sensory channels: electrical stimulation of a single Meissner or Pacinian corpuscle generates frequency dependent illusions of 'flutter' or 'vibration', whereas microstimulation of a single Merkel afferent can produce a percept of 'pressure' and stimulation of a single joint afferent can evoke a sensation of 'joint rotation'. Interestingly, the input from a single Ruffini ending in the skin cannot be perceived and the same is true of muscle spindle afferents. So, where does this leave us with osseoperception from the mouth? Given that the periodontal receptors in the vicinity have been lost, which mechanoreceptive endings could encode forces applied to a bone-implanted prosthesis? 3. Meissner and Merkel endings have very small receptive fields and respond only to local forces. Pacinian corpuscles have an exquisite sensitivity to brisk mechanical events and could respond to such stimuli transmitted through the bone to a remote receptor, but would not be able to encode sustained forces. Ruffini endings also respond to forces applied remote to the receptive field and, unlike the Pacinian corpuscles, respond in a sustained fashion, but would their signals be perceived? Like muscle spindles, it is possible that the coactivation of many Ruffini endings could provide meaningful information. Finally, as we have seen, the input from a single joint receptor can be perceived, but they mostly respond at the limits of joint rotation, so it is unlikely that any associated with the temporomandibular joint could contribute to osseoperception.
机译：发明内容1.微神经造影术的发展，其中将绝缘的钨微电极插入清醒的人类受试者的可触及的外周或颅神经中，已经允许对来自皮肤，肌肉和关节的单个机械感受传入的信号传递能力进行详细分析。例如，我们对两类快速适应的皮肤机械感受器（Meissner和Pacinian）和两类缓慢适应的皮肤机械感受器（Merkel和Ruffini）如何编码法向或切向施加于手部皮肤的力以及其相似性和差异性有很多了解。无毛的皮肤与无毛的皮肤（以及与毛发相关的受体）。我们还知道肌肉（分别是肌肉纺锤体和高尔基腱肌器官）对拉伸和力敏感的末端，以及它们在被动或主动运动或等距收缩期间的行为。另外，我们已经表征了手指关节囊中机械感受器的发射特性。但是，除了伤害感受器和Pacinian小体存在以外，我们对骨膜中的感觉神经知之甚少。 2.除了对人类受试者感觉末梢的生理学研究之外，通过记录微电极的微刺激还揭示了大脑如何处理单人传入的感觉信息。通过这项工作，我们知道感觉通道中存在特异性：单个Meissner或Pacinian小体的电刺激会产生与频率有关的“颤动”或“振动”的错觉，而对单个Merkel传入的微刺激会产生“压力”和单个关节传入的刺激会引起“关节旋转”的感觉。有趣的是，无法感知到单个Ruffini皮肤末端的输入，肌肉纺锤传入的情况也是如此。那么，这会使我们从口腔中感觉到骨痛？考虑到附近的牙周受体已经丢失，哪个机械感受性末端可以编码施加到骨植入假体上的力？ 3. Meissner和Merkel结局的接收范围很小，只对当地部队作出反应。 Pacinian小球对轻快的机械事件具有极高的敏感性，并且可以对通过骨骼传输到远程受体的这种刺激作出反应，但无法编码持续力。 Ruffini尾部还可以响应远距离施加到感受野的力，并且与Pacinian小体不同，它们可以持续响应，但是会感知到它们的信号吗？像肌肉纺锤体一样，许多Ruffini末端的共同激活可能会提供有意义的信息。最后，正如我们所看到的，可以感知到来自单个关节受体的输入，但是它们大多在关节旋转的极限处作出反应，因此与颞下颌关节相关的任何信号都不太可能导致骨感受器的感受。

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