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Climate warming, water storage, and Chinook salmon in California's Sacramento Valley

机译：加利福尼亚萨克拉曼多山谷的气候变暖，储水和奇努克鲑鱼

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摘要

The Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawns and rears in the cold, freshwater rivers and tributaries of California's Central Valley, with four separate seasonal runs including fall and late-fall runs, a winter run, and a spring run. Dams and reservoirs have blocked access to most of the Chinook's ancestral spawning areas in the upper reaches and tributaries. Consequently, the fish rely on the mainstem of the Sacramento River for spawning habitat. Future climatic warming could lead to alterations of the river's temperature regime, which could further reduce the already fragmented Chinook habitat. Specifically, increased water temperatures could result in spawning and rearing temperature exceedences, thereby jeopardizing productivity, particularly in drought years. Paradoxically, water management plays a key role in potential adaptation options by maintaining spawning and rearing habitat now and in the future, as reservoirs such as Shasta provide a cold water supply that will be increasingly needed to counter the effects of climate change. Results suggest that the available cold pool behind Shasta could be maintained throughout the summer assuming median projections of mid-21st century warming of 2pC, but the maintenance of the cold poolwith warming on the order of 4pC could be very challenging. The winter and spring runs are shown to be most at risk because of the timing of their reproduction.
机译：奇努克鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus tshawytscha）在加利福尼亚中央山谷的寒冷，淡水河和支流中产卵和繁殖，有四个独立的季节性运行，包括秋季和后期运行，冬季运行和春季运行。大坝和水库阻碍了支流上游支流的支努干的大部分祖先产卵区。因此，鱼依靠萨克拉曼多河的主干产卵。未来的气候变暖可能会导致河流温度状况发生变化，这可能会进一步减少已经支离破碎的契努克族栖息地。具体而言，升高的水温可能会导致产卵和饲养温度超标，从而危及生产力，尤其是在干旱年份。矛盾的是，由于Shasta等水库提供的冷水供应将日益增加，以应对气候变化的影响，水资源管理在现在和将来维持产卵和饲养栖息地的过程中，在潜在的适应方案中起着关键作用。结果表明，假设21世纪中叶全球变暖2pC的中值预测值，整个夏季都可以维持Shasta后面的可用冷池，但是要维持在4pC数量级的冷池却非常困难。由于繁殖的时机，冬季和春季的跑步活动受到的威胁最大。

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