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The effects of the NAO on the ice phenology of Spanish alpine lakes

机译：NAO对西班牙高山湖泊冰物候的影响

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摘要

Three Spanish alpine lakes located in the Central Range (Pealara Lake and Cimera Lake) and the Pyrenees (Redon Lake) are selected to understand the effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on ice phenology. A conceptual lake model is formulated based on Pearson's correlation coefficients obtained between season-scale time series of the NAO index, climatic data (i.e., precipitation, air temperature and snow data) and limnological variables (ice phenology records). The results suggest that the effects of the NAO are only reflected in the thawing process via the air temperature and the insulating effect of snow accumulation on the ice cover. An altitude component is evident in our survey because the effects of the NAO on Pealara Lake (the lowest altitude studied lake) are restricted to winter, whereas for Redon Lake (the highest altitude studied lake), the effects extend into spring. A latitudinal component is also clear when comparing our data with northern European lakes. Snow accumulation primarily depends on the air temperature at high latitudes, and both precipitation and the air temperature control snow accumulation at lower latitudes. Consequently, in northern Europe, the NAO signal is primarily reflected in lake ice phenology via the air temperature, whereas our results confirm that in southern Europe, the strong dependence of precipitation on the NAO determines the importance of the NAO for lake ice cover.
机译：选择了位于中部山脉的三个西班牙高山湖泊（Pealara湖和Cimera湖）和比利牛斯山脉（Redon湖），以了解北大西洋涛动（NAO）对冰物候的影响。基于皮尔逊相关系数在NAO指数的季节尺度时间序列，气候数据（即降水，气温和降雪数据）和气候学变量（冰物候记录）之间获得的关联关系，可建立概念性的湖泊模型。结果表明，NAO的作用仅在融化过程中通过气温和积雪在冰盖上的绝热作用反映出来。在我们的调查中，高度分量很明显，因为NAO对Pealara湖（研究海拔最低的湖泊）的影响仅限于冬季，而对于Redon湖（研究海拔最高的湖泊）的影响则延伸到春季。将我们的数据与北欧湖泊进行比较时，纬度成分也很清楚。积雪主要取决于高纬度地区的气温，而降水和气温控制低纬度地区的积雪。因此，在北欧，NAO信号主要通过空气温度反映在湖冰的物候中，而我们的结果证实，在南欧，降水对NAO的强烈依赖性决定了NAO对湖冰覆盖的重要性。

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