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On climatic fluctuations and environmental changes of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India

机译：印度印加地带平原的气候波动和环境变化

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摘要

Paralleling the Southern Himalayan Province, the Indo-Gangetic Plains region (IGPR) of India (geographical area similar to6,00,000 km(2)) is very important for the food security of South Asia. Due to numerous factors in operation there is widespread apprehension regarding sustainability of fragile ecosystems of the region. Literature provides detailed documentation of environmental changes due to different factors except climatic. The present study is intended to document the instrumental-period fluctuations of important climatic parameters like rainfall amounts (1829-1999), severe rainstorms (1880-1996) and temperature (1876-1997) exclusively for the IGPR. The summer monsoon rainfall over western IGPR shows increasing trend (170 mm/100-yr, significant at 1% level) from 1900 while over central IGPR it shows decreasing trend (5 mm/100-yr, not significant) from 1939 and over eastern IGPR decreasing trend (50 mm/100-yr, not significant) during 1900-1984 and insignificant increasing trend (480 mm/100-yr, not significant) during 1984-1999. Broadly it is inferred that there has been a westward shift in rainfall activities over the IGPR. Analysis suggests westward shift in the occurrence of severe rainstorms also. These spatial changes in rainfall activities are attributed to global warming and associated changes in the Indian summer monsoon circulation and the general atmospheric circulation. The annual surface air temperature of the IGPR showed rising trend (0.53degreesC/100-yr, significant at 1% level) during 1875-1958 and decreasing trend (-0.93degreesC/100-yr, significant at 5% level) during 1958-1997. The post-1958 period cooling of the IGPR seems to be due to expansion and intensification of agricultural activities and spreading of irrigation network in the region. Lateral shift in the river courses is an environmental hazard of serious concern in the IGPR. In the present study it is suggested that meteorologic factors like strength and direction of low level winds and spatial shift in rainfall/climatic belt also play a significant role along with tectonic disturbances and local sedimentological adjustments in the vagrancy of the river courses over the IGPR.
机译：与印度南部恒河平原地区（IGPR）平行的喜马拉雅南部省份（地理面积约6,00,000 km（2））对于南亚的粮食安全非常重要。由于运行中的众多因素，对该地区脆弱生态系统的可持续性存在广泛的担忧。文献提供了除气候以外的其他因素引起的环境变化的详细文档。本研究旨在记录重要气候参数的仪器周期波动，例如仅针对IGPR的降雨量（1829-1999），暴雨（1880-1996）和温度（1876-1997）。从1900年开始，IGPR西部的夏季季风降水呈增加趋势（170 mm / 100年，1％的水平），而IGPR中部则呈现自1939年及东部地区的减小趋势（5 mm / 100年，没什么大变化）。 1900-1984年期间IGPR下降趋势（50毫米/ 100年，不显着），而1984-1999年期间微不足道的增长趋势（480毫米/ 100年，不显着）。可以广泛地推断出，IGPR的降雨活动向西转移。分析表明，暴雨的发生也向西移动。降雨活动的这些空间变化归因于全球变暖以及印度夏季风和夏季大气环流的相关变化。 IGPR的年度地表气温在1875-1958年期间呈上升趋势（0.53°C / 100年，以1％的水平显着），在1958-1995年期间呈下降趋势（-0.93°C / 100年，以5％的水平显着）。 1997年。 1958年后的IGPR降温似乎是由于农业活动的扩大和集约化以及该地区灌溉网络的扩散。河道的横向移动是IGPR中严重关注的环境危害。在本研究中，建议气象因素，例如低空风的强度和方向以及降雨/气候带的空间变化，在IGPR河道的流浪中，连同构造扰动和局部沉积学调整也起着重要作用。

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