Shipping is the most efficient mode of transport for cargoes, with the highest economies of scale per tonne mile compared to other forms of mass transportation. However, as shipping activities grow, the industry has been criticized for not doing enough to protect the environment. According to a study submitted by Corbett and Winebrake to the International Maritime Organization, pollution from shipping causes approximately 60,000 premature deaths around the world each year, and the death toll is expected to grow 40% by 2012, with the continued increase in global trade and shipping traffic.
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