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Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose in airways disease. Established issues and key questions

机译：通过电子鼻对呼吸道疾病进行呼气分析。既定问题和关键问题

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摘要

Exhaled air contains many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are the result of normal and disease-associated metabolic processes anywhere in the body. Different omics techniques can assess the pattern of these VOCs. One such omics technique suitable for breath analysis is represented by electronic noses (eNoses), providing fingerprints of the exhaled VOCs, called breathprints. Breathprints have been shown to be altered in different disease states, including in asthma and COPD. This review describes the current status on clinical validation and application of breath analysis by electronic noses in the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic airways diseases. Furthermore, important methodological issues including breath sampling, modulating factors and incompatibility between eNoses are raised and discussed. Next steps towards clinical application of electronic noses are provided, including further validation in suspected disease, assessment of the influence of different comorbidities, the value in longitudinal monitoring of patients with asthma and COPD and the possibility to predict treatment responses. Eventually, a Breath Cloud may be constructed, a large database containing disease-specific breathprints. When collaborative efforts are put into optimization of this technique, it can provide a rapid and non-invasive first line diagnostic test.
机译：呼出的空气中含有许多挥发性有机化合物（VOC），这些挥发性有机化合物是人体中任何地方正常和与疾病相关的代谢过程的结果。不同的组学技术可以评估这些VOC的模式。电子鼻（eNoses）代表了一种适用于呼吸分析的组学技术，它提供呼出的VOC的指纹，称为呼吸指纹。研究表明，在不同的疾病状态（包括哮喘和COPD）中，呼吸音都会改变。这篇综述描述了在临床验证和电子鼻呼吸分析在慢性气道疾病的诊断和监测中的应用现状。此外，提出并讨论了重要的方法论问题，包括呼吸采样，调节因素和eNoses之间的不兼容。提供了电子鼻临床应用的下一步措施，包括对可疑疾病的进一步验证，评估不同合并症的影响，对哮喘和COPD患者进行纵向监测的价值以及预测治疗反应的可能性。最终，可以构建一个呼吸云，这是一个包含特定疾病呼吸图的大型数据库。当共同努力优化该技术时，它可以提供快速，无创的​​一线诊断测试。

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