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Systematic conservation planning and the cost of tackling conservation conflicts with large carnivores in Italy

机译：系统化的保护规划以及解决意大利大型食肉动物保护冲突的成本

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Conservation in Europe (including the establishment of protected areas) is undertaken mainly through legislation and on densely populated private land. Consequently, conflicts of interest arise between human economic activities and biodiversity conservation. We used a systematic approach to conservation planning to explore different conservation scenarios for the Apennine populations of wolves (Canis lupus) and bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in Italy. The conservation measures we considered were electrified fences and guard dogs to prevent wolves and bears from preying on sheep. We used habitat suitability models of the two species as an estimate of their distributions. Across the study area, we estimated the potential intensity of conflict caused by predation on sheep and the cost of the antipredator measures. We examined scenarios for the conservation of wolves and bears that identified systems of sites where antipredator measures should be applied to either minimize the economic cost of the plan or tackle a predetermined amount of conflict. The overall cost of the conservation plans ranged between (sic)1,486,000 and (sic)16,876,000, depending on the scenario and on the size of the conservation target. Because potential conflict intensity (i.e., potential predation) and cost of conflict resolution were correlated, the scenarios that minimized cost also minimized the amount of conflict that was addressed. Conserving these two species by addressing their predation on sheep was up to 4.36 times more expensive than conserving them by providing suitable habitat in areas of low conflict. Yet avoiding conflicts is not always desirable because it can drastically reduce the options for conservation. Choosing a conservation plan requires consideration of the level of threat to the target species and their sensitivity to conflicts.
机译：欧洲的保护（包括建立保护区）主要是通过立法和在人口稠密的私人土地上进行的。因此，人类经济活动与生物多样性保护之间存在利益冲突。我们使用系统化的保护规划方法来探索意大利狼的亚平宁种群（狼（Canis lupus）和熊（Ursus arctos marsicanus））。我们考虑的保护措施是用电围栏和护卫犬，以防止狼和熊捕食绵羊。我们使用了两个物种的栖息地适应性模型作为其分布的估计。在整个研究区域中，我们估计了由绵羊捕食引起的潜在冲突强度以及采取反捕食措施的成本。我们研究了保护狼和熊的方案，确定了应采用反捕食者措施以最小化计划的经济成本或解决预定数量冲突的场所系统。养护计划的总成本在（sic）1,486,000和（sic）16,876,000之间，具体取决于方案和养护目标的规模。因为潜在的冲突强度（即潜在的掠夺）和解决冲突的成本相关联，所以将成本最小化的方案也将解决的冲突量最小化。通过解决它们在绵羊上的捕食来保护这两个物种的成本比通过在低冲突地区提供合适的栖息地来保护它们的成本高4.36倍。然而，避免冲突并非总是可取的，因为它可以大大减少保护的可能性。选择一项保护计划需要考虑对目标物种的威胁程度及其对冲突的敏感性。

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