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Demographic limitations of the ability of habitat restoration to rescue declining populations

机译：恢复栖息地以恢复人口下降能力的人口限制

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Habitat restoration is often recommended in conservation without first evaluating whether populations are in fact habitat limited and thus whether declining populations can be stabilized or recovered through habitat restoration. We used a spatially structured demographic model coupled with a dynamic neutral landscape model to evaluate whether habitat restoration could rescue populations of several generic migratory songbirds that differed in their sensitivity to habitat fragmentation (i.e.; severity of edge effects on nesting success). Simulating a best-case scenario, landscapes were instantly restored to 100% habitat before, at, or after habitat loss exceeded the species' vulnerability threshold. The vulnerability threshold is a measure of extinction risk, in which the change in population growth rate (Delta lambda) scaled to the rate of habitat loss (Delta h) falls below -1% (Delta lambda/Delta h <=-0.01). Habitat restoration was most effective for species with low-to-moderate edge sensitivities and in landscapes that had not previously experienced extensive fragmentation. To stabilize populations of species that were highly edge sensitive or any species in heavily fragmented landscapes, restoration needed to be initiated long before the vulnerability threshold was reached. In practice, habitat restoration is generally not initiated until a population is at risk of extinction, but our model results demonstrate that some populations cannot be recovered at this point through habitat restoration alone. At this stage, habitat loss and fragmentation have seriously eroded the species' demographic potential such that halting population declines is limited more by demographic factors than the amount of available habitat. Evidence that populations decline in response to habitat loss is thus not sufficient to conclude that habitat restoration will be sufficient to rescue declining populations.
机译：在保护中通常建议恢复生境，而无需先评估种群实际上是否是有限的生境，因此可以通过恢复生境来稳定或恢复下降的种群。我们使用空间结构的人口统计学模型与动态中性景观模型相结合，来评估栖息地恢复是否可以营救几种对栖息地破碎敏感度不同的通用迁徙鸣禽的种群（即边缘效应对筑巢成功的严重程度）。模拟最佳情况，在栖息地丧失超过物种脆弱性阈值之前，之中或之后，景观可立即恢复到100％的栖息地。脆弱性阈值是对灭绝风险的一种度量，其中人口增长率（Delta lambda）的变化与生境丧失速度（Delta h）的比例低于-1％（Delta lambda / Delta h <=-0.01）。对于边缘敏感度低到中等的物种以及以前从未经历过大规模破碎的景观，栖息地恢复最为有效。为了稳定对边缘高度敏感的物种或处于严重零散景观中的任何物种的种群，需要在达到脆弱性阈值之前很久就开始恢复。在实践中，通常直到种群面临灭绝的危险时才开始恢复生境，但是我们的模型结果表明，某些种群无法通过仅恢复生境而在此时恢复。在此阶段，栖息地的丧失和破碎化严重侵蚀了该物种的人口统计潜力，因此，阻止人口下降的因素更多地受到人口统计学因素的限制，而不是可利用的栖息地数量。因此，人口因栖息地丧失而减少的证据不足以得出这样的结论，即恢复生境将足以拯救数量下降的人口。

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