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Joint effects of inbreeding and local adaptation on the evolution of genetic load after fragmentation

机译：近交和局部适应对片段化后遗传负荷演变的共同影响

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摘要

Disruption of gene flow among demes after landscape fragmentation can facilitate local adaptation but increase the effect of genetic drift and inbreeding. The joint effects of these conflicting forces on the mean fitness of individuals in a population are unknown. Through simulations, we explored the effect of increased isolation on the evolution of genetic load over the short and long term when fitness depends in part on local adaptation. We ignored genetic effects on demography. We modeled complex genomes, where a subset of the loci were under divergent selection in different localities. When a fraction of the loci were under heterogeneous selection, isolation increased mean fitness in larger demes made up of hundreds of individuals because of improved local adaptation. In smaller demes of tens of individuals, increased isolation improved local adaptation very little and reduced overall fitness. Short-term improvement of mean fitness after fragmentation may not be indicative of the long-term evolution of fitness. Whatever the deme size and potential for local adaptation, migration of one or two individuals per generation minimized the genetic load in general. The slow dynamics of mean fitness following fragmentation suggests that conservation measures should be implemented before the consequences of isolation on the genetic load become of concern.
机译：景观破碎化后，各物种间基因流的破坏可以促进局部适应，但会增加遗传漂移和近交的影响。这些冲突力量对人群中个体平均适应度的共同影响尚不清楚。通过模拟，我们探讨了在适当程度上部分取决于局部适应性的情况下，短期和长期隔离度增加对遗传负荷演变的影响。我们忽略了人口统计学的遗传效应。我们对复杂的基因组建模，其中基因座的一个子集在不同的位置处于不同的选择之下。当一部分基因座处于异源选择状态时，由于改善的局部适应性，孤立性提高了由数百个个体组成的较大种群的平均适应度。在数十人的较小规模中，增加的隔离度很少改善局部适应性，并降低了整体适应性。分割后平均适应度的短期改善可能并不表示适应度的长期演变。无论规模大小和局部适应的潜力如何，每代一两个人的迁徙通常都会使遗传负荷减至最小。破碎后平均适应度的缓慢变化表明，在隔离对遗传负荷的影响成为关注之前，应采取保护措施。

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