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Decision-Making Triggers in Adaptive Management

机译：自适应管理中的决策触发器

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We analyzed whether decision-making triggers increase accountability of adaptive-management plans. Triggers are prenegotiated commitments in an adaptive-management plan that specify what actions are to be taken and when on the basis of information obtained from monitoring. Triggers improve certainty that particular actions will be taken by agencies in the future. We conducted an in-depth, qualitative review of the political and legal contexts of adaptive management and its application by U.S. federal agencies. Agencies must satisfy the judiciary that adaptive-management plans meet substantive legal standards and comply with the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act. We examined 3 cases in which triggers were used in adaptive-management plans: salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Columbia River, oil and gas development by the Bureau of Land Management, and a habitat conservation plan under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In all the cases, key aspects of adaptive management, including controls and preidentified feedback loops, were not incorporated in the plans. Monitoring and triggered mitigation actions were limited in their enforceability, which was contingent on several factors, including which laws applied in each case and the degree of specificity in how triggers were written into plans. Other controversial aspects of these plans revolved around who designed, conducted, interpreted, and funded monitoring programs. Additional contentious issues were the level of precaution associated with trigger mechanisms and the definition of ecological baselines used as points of comparison. Despite these challenges, triggers can be used to increase accountability, by predefining points at which an adaptive management plan will be revisited and reevaluated, and thus improve the application of adaptive management in its complicated political and legal context.
机译：我们分析了决策触发是否增加了适应性管理计划的责任感。触发器是适应性管理计划中预先协商的承诺，根据从监视获得的信息来指定要采取的措施以及何时采取措施。触发因素提高了机构将来将采取特定行动的确定性。我们对适应性管理的政治和法律环境及其在美国联邦机构中的应用进行了深入，定性的审查。机构必须让司法机构确信适应性管理计划符合实质性的法律标准并遵守《美国国家环境政策法》。我们研究了3种在适应性管理计划中使用触发器的案例：哥伦比亚河中的鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus spp。），土地管理局开发的油气和美国《濒危物种法》规定的栖息地保护计划。在所有情况下，自适应管理的关键方面，包括控制和预先确定的反馈回路，均未纳入计划中。监视和缓解措施的可执行性受到限制，这取决于几个因素，包括每种情况下适用的法律以及触发器如何写入计划的具体程度。这些计划的其他有争议的方面涉及谁设计，实施，解释和资助了监测计划。其他有争议的问题是与触发机制相关的预防措施的级别以及用作比较点的生态基线的定义。尽管存在这些挑战，但触发器可以通过预定义重新评估和重新评估适应性管理计划的时间点来增强问责制，从而改善适应性管理在复杂的政治和法律环境中的应用。

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