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Connectivity of prairie dog colonies in an altered landscape: Inferences from analysis of microsatellite DNA variation

机译：草原狗群在变化景观中的连通性：来自微卫星DNA变异分析的推论

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摘要

Connectivity of populations influences the degree to which species maintain genetic diversity and persist despite local extinctions. Natural landscape features are known to influence connectivity, but global anthropogenic landscape change underscores the importance of quantifying how human-modified landscapes disrupt connectivity of natural populations. Grasslands of western North America have experienced extensive habitat alteration, fragmenting populations of species such as black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Population sizes and the geographic range of prairie dogs have been declining for over a century due to habitat loss, disease, and eradication efforts. In many places, prairie dogs have persisted in the face of emerging urban landscapes that carve habitat into smaller and smaller fragments separated by uninhabitable areas. In extreme cases, prairie dog colonies are completely bounded by urbanization. Connectivity is particularly important for prairie dogs because colonies suffer high probabilities of extirpation by plague, and dispersal permits recolonization. Here we explore connectivity of prairie dog populations using analyses of 11 microsatellite loci for 9 prairie dog colonies spanning the fragmented landscape of Boulder County, Colorado. Isolation-by-resistance modeling suggests that wetlands and high intensity urbanization limit movement of prairie dogs. However, prairie dogs appear to move moderately well through low intensity development (including roads) and freely through cropland and grassland. Additionally, there is a marked decline in gene flow between colonies with increasing geographic distance, indicating isolation by distance even in an altered landscape. Our results suggest that prairie dog colonies retain some connectivity despite fragmentation by urbanization and agricultural development.
机译：种群的连通性影响物种维持遗传多样性并在局部灭绝的情况下持续存在的程度。已知自然景观特征会影响连通性，但是全球人为景观变化强调了量化人类修饰景观如何破坏自然种群连通性的重要性。北美西部的草原经历了广泛的生境变化，使诸如黑尾土拨鼠（Cynomys ludovicianus）等物种的种群破碎化。一个多世纪以来，由于栖息地的丧失，疾病和根除的努力，草原土拨鼠的种群数量和地理范围一直在下降。在许多地方，草原犬鼠在新出现的城市景观中依然存在，这些景观将栖息地划分成越来越小的碎片，并被无人居住的区域隔开。在极端情况下，草原犬鼠的殖民地完全受到城市化的限制。连通性对于草原土拨鼠尤其重要，因为殖民地遭受鼠疫灭绝的可能性很高，而且散布允许重新定殖。在这里，我们使用11个微卫星基因座的9个草原狗殖民地的分析来探索草原狗种群的连通性，这些殖民地跨越科罗拉多州博尔德县的零散景观。按电阻隔离模型表明，湿地和高强度的城市化限制了草原犬鼠的活动。但是，草原犬鼠似乎在低强度发展（包括道路）中适度地运动，并在农田和草地中自由运动。此外，随着地理距离的增加，菌落之间的基因流也明显减少，这表明即使在变化的景观中，也可以通过距离隔离。我们的研究结果表明，尽管城市化和农业发展造成了分裂，但草原犬鼠的殖民地仍保持了一定的联系。

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