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首页> 外文期刊>Conservation Biology >The late prehistoric-early historic game sink in the northwestern United States
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The late prehistoric-early historic game sink in the northwestern United States

机译：史前晚期-历史悠久的游戏在美国西北部沉没

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Historical data provide valuable information on ecosystem structure, function, and processes. The number of big game killed by the Corps of Discovery in 1805-1806 and recorded by Lewis and Clark suggests that ungulates were abundant in central and eastern Montana and rare in western Montana, central Idaho, and southeastern Washington during the early nineteenth century. Paleoecologists Paul Martin and Chris Szuter conclude that this difference was a function of human predation. They support their conclusion that ungulates would have been abundant in southeastern Washington had humans not hunted them by arguing that the nineteenth-century livestock industry was successful without supplemental feeding. The livestock industry was, however, not consistently successful until artificial feeding was initiated. Archaeological data from eastern Washington indicate that ungulates have been taken by human hunters more frequently than small-mammal prey throughout the last 10,000 years and that ungulates decreased relative to small mammals coincident with changes in climate. Bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis) were present in eastern Washington throughout the Holocene, but bison were abundant there only during a cooler and moister period; elk have been abundant only in the twentieth century, subsequent to transplants and the extermination of predators. Geographic variation in the abundance of bison across Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington has been influenced by human predation but has also been influenced by biogeographic history habitat differences, and climatic change. [References: 62]
机译：历史数据提供了有关生态系统结构，功能和过程的有价值的信息。刘易斯和克拉克记录的在1805-1806年被发现军杀死的大型比赛数量表明，在19世纪初期，有蹄类动物在蒙大拿州中部和东部丰富，而在蒙大拿州西部，爱达荷州中部和华盛顿东南部则很少。古生态学家保罗·马丁（Paul Martin）和克里斯·苏特（Chris Szuter）得出结论，这种差异是人类捕食的功能。他们支持这样的结论，即如果人类没有追捕他们，华盛顿东南部的有蹄类动物本来会很多，他们认为19世纪的畜牧业没有补充饲料就成功了。但是，直到开始人工喂养之前，畜牧业一直未能取得成功。来自华盛顿东部的考古数据表明，在过去的10,000年中，有蹄类动物比小型哺乳动物的猎物更容易被有蹄类动物猎食，并且有蹄类动物相对于小型哺乳动物而言，随着气候的变化而减少。在整个全新世时期，华盛顿东部存在野牛（野牛野牛）和麋鹿（加拿大小鹿），但野牛仅在较冷和潮湿的时期才在那里存在。麋鹿仅在二十世纪，即移植和捕食者灭绝后才开始盛行。蒙大拿州，爱达荷州和华盛顿东部的野牛丰富度的地理变化既受到人类掠食的影响，也受到生物地理历史，栖息地差异和气候变化的影响。 [参考：62]

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