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Ecological heterogeneity in the effects of grazing and fire on grassland diversity

机译：放牧和火灾对草地多样性的生态异质性

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Grazing and fire and are major forces shaping patterns of native and exotic species diversity in many grasslands, yet both of these disturbances have notoriously variable effects. Few studies have examined how landscape-level heterogeneity in grassland characteristics, such as soil-based variation in biomass and species composition, may contribute to variation in the effects of fire or grazing. We studied the effects of livestock grazing and fire in a mosaic of serpentine and nonserpentine soils in California, where most grasslands are dominated by exotic annuals and serpentine soil is the major refuge for native grassland species. We predicted that the effects of disturbance would be proportional to productivity and therefore would be greater on nonserpentine than serpentine soils. We measured species composition at 80-100 grazed or ungrazed sites for 2 years before (1998-1999) and 2 years after (2000-2001) an autumn wildfire. Both disturbances increased total species richness on both soils. However, fire enhanced total and exotic species richness more on nonserpentine soils and enhanced native species richness more on serpentine soils. Grazing increased native species richness on serpentine soils but not on nonserpentine soils. These soil-disturbance interactions suggest that the use of fire and grazing to manage native species diversity in wildlands must be done with careful attention to background ecological heterogeneity. [References: 46]
机译：放牧和火灾是形成许多草原上本地和外来物种多样性模式的主要力量，然而，这两种干扰都具有出众的影响。很少有研究检查草原特征的景观水平异质性，例如基于土壤的生物量和物种组成的变化，可能如何导致火灾或放牧的影响变化。我们在加利福尼亚的蛇纹石和非蛇纹石土壤中研究了牲畜放牧和火灾的影响，在加利福尼亚州，大多数草原以外来年生植物为主，而蛇纹土是本土草原物种的主要避难所。我们预测干扰的影响将与生产力成正比，因此在非蛇纹石土壤上的影响要大于蛇纹石土壤。我们在秋天的野火发生之前的2年（1998-1999年）和之后的2年（2000-2001年）中，在80-100个放牧或未擦拭的地点测量了物种组成。两种干扰都增加了两种土壤的总物种丰富度。然而，火灾在非蛇形土壤上更多地增加了总物种和外来物种的丰富度，在蛇形土壤上更多地提高了本地物种的丰富度。放牧增加了蛇形土壤上的本地物种丰富度，但非蛇形土壤上则没有。这些土壤干扰的相互作用表明，必须在认真注意背景生态异质性的前提下使用火和放牧来管理荒地中的本地物种多样性。 [参考：46]

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