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Scattering properties of sands. 2. Results for sands from different origins

机译：沙的散射特性。 2.来自不同来源的沙子的结果

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Mineral sand is a major component of aerosols in the atmosphere. It is necessary to have a laboratory database to interpret the remote sensing measurements of light scattered by such grains. For this purpose, the PROGRA2 experiment is dedicated to the retrieval of polarization and brightness phase curves, in the visible wavelength domain, of various grains that can be found in Earth's atmosphere and in space. The measurements of the scattered light by levitating clouds of grains are conducted at two wavelengths, 632.8 and 543.5 nm, with PROGRA2-VIS. Large grains (at least tens of micrometers) are studied in microgravity conditions during parabolic flights; smaller (micrometer-sized) grains are lifted by an air draught in ground-based conditions. The PROGRA2-SURF instrument allows measurements on the grains deposited on a plane surface, at the same wavelengths. New data for the scattering properties are presented for sands of various origins, including fine clay. The polarimetric phase curves for levitating grains are close to each other for all the samples (except for black sands); small discrepancies are mainly due to grains' light absorption differences. The polarization curves for levitating grains differ strongly from those of deposited grains (dry or wet). In particular, these curves can be used to interpret remote sensing measurements to distinguish between grains at ground and grains transported by winds.
机译：矿物砂是大气中气溶胶的主要成分。有必要拥有一个实验室数据库来解释由此类颗粒散射的光的遥感测量结果。为此，PROGRA2实验致力于在可见光波长范围内检索地球大气和太空中发现的各种谷物的偏振和亮度相位曲线。用PROGRA2-VIS在两个波长632.8和543.5 nm处通过悬浮颗粒云测量散射光。在抛物线飞行过程中的微重力条件下研究了大晶粒（至少数十微米）。在地面条件下，较小的（微米级）谷物会通过气流被提起。 PROGRA2-SURF仪器允许以相同波长对沉积在平面上的晶粒进行测量。给出了来自各种来源（包括细粘土）的沙子的散射特性的新数据。对于所有样品（黑沙除外），悬浮颗粒的极化相位曲线彼此接近。较小的差异主要是由于晶粒的光吸收差异造成的。悬浮颗粒的极化曲线与沉积颗粒（干或湿）的极化曲线有很大差异。特别是，这些曲线可用于解释遥感测量结果，以区分地面的谷物和风运输的谷物。

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