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首页> 外文期刊>Centaurus: International Magazine of the History of Sciences and Medicine >Woman, know thyself: Producing and using phrenological knowledge in 19th-century America
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Woman, know thyself: Producing and using phrenological knowledge in 19th-century America

机译：女人，知道你自己：在19世纪的美国生产和使用相学知识

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摘要

This article explores the production and consumption of phrenological knowledge for and by middle-class women in the USA during the early and middle decades of the 19th century. At a time when science itself had few boundaries, women became readers, consumers, proselytizers and practitioners of this knowledge system, outside of a scientific academy. This paper argues that phrenological beliefs about sex differences enabled and encouraged women to be users. Phrenology allowed women to negotiate gender and by encouraging followers to 'know thyself,' phrenology blurred the lines of expertise, creating a fluid interplay between users and producers of knowledge. This article then shows how categories of women users-practitioners, consumers and feminists-implemented or rejected elements of phrenology as they sought to affirm or amend prescribed gender roles. As the industrial economy seemed to divide public and private, production and consumption, masculine and feminine, phrenology allowed women and men to stand within and between these binaries. At the same time, some women used phrenology to classify themselves and others in a socio-natural hierarchy and further engrained scientific racism in American culture.
机译：本文探讨了在19世纪初期和中期，美国中产阶级妇女和由其产生的相貌知识的生产和消费。在科学本身没有界限的时候，妇女在科学学院之外成为了该知识体系的读者，消费者，传教士和实践者。本文认为，有关性别差异的相貌学信念促成并鼓励女性成为使用者。物相学使妇女能够进行性别协商，并通过鼓励追随者“了解自己”，相物学模糊了专业知识的界限，在知识的使用者和生产者之间产生了流畅的相互作用。然后，本文将说明在试图确认或修改规定的性别角色时，女性使用者的类别（从业者，从业者和女权主义者）如何实施或拒绝表象学要素。由于工业经济似乎将公共和私营，生产和消费，男性和女性分开，相貌学使男女得以站在这些二进制文件之内和之间。同时，一些女性利用相貌学将自己和其他女性按照社会自然等级进行分类，并进一步将科学种族主义根深蒂固于美国文化中。

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