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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Molecular Biology >The Devil Lies in the Details: How Variations in Polysaccharide Fine-Structure Impact the Physiology and Evolution of Gut Microbes
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The Devil Lies in the Details: How Variations in Polysaccharide Fine-Structure Impact the Physiology and Evolution of Gut Microbes

机译：细节决定成败：多糖精细结构的变化如何影响肠道微生物的生理和进化

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The critical importance of gastrointestinal microbes to digestion of dietary fiber in humans and other mammals has been appreciated for decades. Symbiotic microorganisms expand mammalian digestive physiology by providing an armament of diverse polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, which are largely absent in mammalian genomes. By out-sourcing this aspect of digestive physiology to our gut microbes, we maximize our ability to adapt to different carbohydrate nutrients on timescales as short as several hours due to the ability of the gut microbial community to rapidly alter its physiology from meal to meal. Because of their ability to pick up new traits by lateral gene transfer, our gut microbes also enable adaption over time periods as long as centuries and millennia by adjusting their gene content to reflect cultural dietary trends. Despite a vast amount of sequence-based insight into the metabolic potential of gut microbes, the specific mechanisms by which symbiotic gut microorganisms recognize and attack complex carbohydrates remain largely undefined. Here, we review the recent literature on this topic and posit that numerous, subtle variations in polysaccharides diversify the spectrum of available nutrient niches, each of which may be best filled by a subset of microorganisms that possess the corresponding proteins to recognize and degrade different carbohydrates. Understanding these relationships at precise mechanistic levels will be essential to obtain a complete understanding of the forces shaping gut microbial ecology and genomic evolution, as well as devising strategies to intentionally manipulate the composition and physiology of the gut microbial community to improve health. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：几十年来，人们认识到胃肠道微生物对人类和其他哺乳动物的膳食纤维的消化至关重要。共生微生物通过提供多种多糖降解酶的装备来扩展哺乳动物的消化生理，这些酶在哺乳动物基因组中基本上是不存在的。通过将消化生理学的这一方面外包给我们的肠道微生物，我们可以在短短几个小时的时间内最大程度地适应不同碳水化合物营养素的能力，这归因于肠道微生物群落在每餐之间迅速改变其生理学的能力。由于它们具有通过侧向基因转移获得新特性的能力，因此我们的肠道微生物还可以通过调整其基因含量以反映文化饮食趋势来适应长达几个世纪和数千年的时间。尽管对肠道微生物的代谢潜力有大量基于序列的见解，但共生肠道微生物识别和攻击复杂碳水化合物的具体机制仍未明确。在这里，我们回顾了有关该主题的最新文献，并认为多糖中的许多细微变化使可用营养位的频谱多样化，其中每种营养位点最好由具有相应蛋白质的微生物子集填充，这些蛋白质可以识别并降解不同的碳水化合物。在精确的机械水平上理解这些关系对于全面了解影响肠道微生物生态学和基因组进化的力，以及设计策略来有意操纵肠道微生物群落的组成和生理状况以改善健康至关重要。 （C）2014 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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