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首页> 外文期刊>Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids >Time-Dependent Physicochemical Changes of Carbonate Surfaces from SmartWater (Diluted Seawater) Flooding Processes for Improved Oil Recovery
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Time-Dependent Physicochemical Changes of Carbonate Surfaces from SmartWater (Diluted Seawater) Flooding Processes for Improved Oil Recovery

机译：智能水（稀释海水）碳酸盐表面的时间依赖性物理化学变化，洪水过程改善了采油

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Over the past few decades, field- and laboratory-scale studies have shown enhancements in oil recovery when reservoirs, which contain high-salinity formation water (FW), are waterflooded with modified-salinity salt water (widely referred to as the low-salinity, dilution, or SmartWater effect for improved oil recovery). In this study, we investigated the time dependence of the physicochemical processes that occur during diluted seawater (i.e., SmartWater) waterflooding processes of specific relevance to carbonate oil reservoirs. We measured the changes to oil/water/rock wettability, surface roughness, and surface chemical composition during SmartWater flooding using 10-fold-diluted seawater under mimicked oil reservoir conditions with calcite and carbonate reservoir rocks. Distinct effects due to SmartWater flooding were observed and found to occur on two different timescales: (1) a rapid (15 min) increase in the colloidal electrostatic double-layer repulsion between the rock and oil across the SmartWater, leading to a decreased oil/water/rock adhesion energy and thus increased water wetness and (2) slower (12 h to complete) physicochemical changes of the calcite and carbonate reservoir rock surfaces, including surface roughening via the dissolution of rock and the reprecipitation of dissolved carbonate species after exchanging key ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, and SO42- in carbonates) with those in the flooding SmartWater. Our experiments using crude oil from a carbonate reservoir reveal that these reservoir rock surfaces are covered with organic-ionic preadsorbed films (ad-layers), which the SmartWater removes (detaches) as flakes. Removal of the organic-ionic ad-layers by SmartWater flooding enhances oil release from the surfaces, which was found to be critical to increasing the water wetness and significantly improving oil removal from carbonates. Additionally, the increase in water wetness is further enhanced by roughening of the rock surfaces, which decrease
机译：在过去的几十年里，当含有高盐度形成水（FW）的储层用改性 - 盐水盐水（广泛称为低盐度）水上储存时，现场和实验室规模研究表现出利水恢复增强稀释或智能水效应，用于改善的采油）。在这项研究中，我们研究了在稀释的海水（I.，Smartwater）的水性流动过程中发生的物理化学过程的时间依赖性与碳酸盐油藏的具体相关性。我们测量了在智能水漏水期间用铌铁壳储层条件下的10倍稀释的海水在智能水淹水期间测量了对油/水/岩石润湿性，表面粗糙度和表面化学成分的变化。观察到智能水洪水引起的明显影响，发现在两次不同的时间尺度上发生：（1）在智能水的岩石和油之间的胶体静电双层排斥力的快速（1）增加，导致降低油/水/岩石粘附能量，从而增加水湿度和（2）较慢（＆ 12小时，完成）方解石和碳酸盐储层岩石表面的物理化学变化，包括通过岩石的溶解和溶解碳酸溶解的再沉淀表面粗糙化用洪水智能水交换钥匙离子（Ca2 +，Mg2 +，CO32-和SO42-碳酸盐）后的物种。我们使用来自碳酸盐储层的原油的实验表明，这些储层岩石表面覆盖着有机离子预吸收薄膜（ad层），Smartwater去除（分离）作为薄片。通过智能水泛滥除去有机离子ad层可从表面上释放油释放，这对于增加水湿度并显着改善来自碳酸盐的油除去的油来临至关重要。另外，通过减少岩石表面的粗糙化进一步增强了水湿度的增加，这减少了

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