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Estrogen signaling in testicular cells.

机译：睾丸细胞中的雌激素信号。

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Aromatase transforms irreversibly androgens into estrogens and is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of various tissues including the mammalian testis. In rat all testicular cells except peritubular cells express aromatase. Indeed in adult rat germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids) we have demonstrated the presence of a functional aromatase (transcript, protein and biological activity) and the estrogen output is equivalent to that of Leydig cells. In addition in the adult rat, transcripts of aromatase vary according to the germ cell type and to the stages of seminiferous epithelium. By contrast with the androgen receptors mainly localized in somatic cells, estrogen receptors (ERs) are described in most of the testicular cells including germ cells. Moreover, besides the presence of high affinity ERalpha and/or ERbeta, a rapid membrane effect has been recently reported and we demonstrated that GPR30 (a transmembrane intracellular estrogen receptor) is expressed in adult rat pachytene spermatocytes. Therefore estrogens through both GPR30 and ERalpha are able to activate the rapid EGFR/ERK/c-jun signaling cascade, which in turn triggers an apoptotic mitochondrial pathway involving an increase in Bax expression and a concomitant reduction of cyclin A1 and B1 gene levels. In another study in round spermatids of adult rat we have shown that the rapid membrane effect of estradiol is also efficient in controlling apoptosis and maturation / differentiation of these haploid germ cells. In man the presence of a biologically active aromatase and of estrogen receptors has been reported in Leydig cells, but also in immature germ cells and ejaculated spermatozoa. Thus the role of estrogen (intracrine, autocrine and / or paracrine) in spermatogenesis (proliferation, apoptosis, survival and maturation) and more generally, in male reproduction is now evidenced taking into account the simultaneous presence of a biologically active aromatase and the widespread distribution of estrogen receptors especially in haploid germ cells.
机译：芳香酶将不可逆转的雌激素转化为雌激素，存在于包括哺乳动物睾丸的各种组织的内质网中。在大鼠除腹膜细胞外睾丸细胞中表达芳香酶。实际上，在成年大鼠生殖细胞（嗜孢子精子细胞和圆形精子）中，我们已经证明了官能芳族酶（转录物，蛋白质和生物活性）的存在，并且雌激素产量相当于Leydig细胞的存在。此外，在成年大鼠中，芳香酸酶的转录物根据生殖细胞类型和血管上皮的阶段而变化。相反，与主要在体细胞中的雄激素受体相比，大多数睾丸细胞中描述了雌激素受体（ERS），包括胚芽细胞。此外，除了存在高亲和力的Eralpha和/或erbeta的存在之外，最近据报道了快速膜效应，并且我们证明GPR30（跨膜细胞内雌激素受体）在成年大鼠嗜碱精胶质细胞中表达。因此，通过GPR30和Eralpha的雌激素能够激活快速的EGFR / ERK / C-Jun信号传导级联，其​​又触发了凋亡的线粒体途径，涉及BAX表达的增加和Cyclin A1和B1基因水平的伴随减少。在成年大鼠的圆形精子的另一个研究中，我们已经表明，雌二醇的快速膜效应也有效地控制这些单倍体胚芽细胞的凋亡和成熟/分化。在MAN中，在Leydig细胞中报道了生物活性芳香酶和雌激素受体的存在，但也存在于未成熟的胚细胞和射精精子中。因此，现在已经证明了在男性繁殖中，雌激素（肠，自分泌和/或旁碱）在精子发生（增殖，凋亡，存活率和成熟）中的作用以及更常见的是，考虑到生物活性芳香酶的同时存在和广泛的分布雌激素受体尤其是单倍体胚芽细胞。

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